"BRIDGERULE, a parish partly in the hundred of Stratton, in the county of Cornwall, and partly in the hundred of Black Torrington, in the county of Devon, 5 miles to the S.E. of Stratton. It is situated on the banks of the river Tamar and on the Bude canal, and derives its name from the bridge which crosses the river here, and from Ruald or Reginald Adobed, who held the manor about the time of the Norman Conquest. The living is a vicarage in the diocese of Exeter, of the value of £150, in the patronage of the Rev. S. N. Kingdon, the present vicar. The church is in Devonshire. Tackbear is a very ancient seat, which was given to a relative of William the Conqueror."

"BROADOAK, (or Bradock), a parish in the hundred of West, in the county of Cornwall, 7 miles to the W. of Liskeard. It is situated a little to the E. of the river Fowey, and includes the hamlet-of West Taphouse. After the Norman Conquest the lordship was held by the Earl of Mortaigne. During the civil war in the 17th century Broadoak Down was the scene of an engagement between the royalists, under Sir Ralph Horton, and the parliamentarians under Ruthven, in which the latter were defeated. In the following year, 1644, the Earl of Essex was nearly surrounded by the royalist forces here, and had to retire to the coast, whence he embarked for Plymouth. The living is a rectory consolidated with that of Boconnoc, in the diocese of Exeter. The church, dedicated to St. Mary, contains an ancient font.

"WEST TAPHOUSE, a hamlet in the parish of Broadoak, county Cornwall, 4 miles W. of Liskeard.

"CUBY, a parish in the W. division of the hundred of Powder, in the county of Cornwall, 1 mile from Tregony, its post town, and 6 from Truro. It adjoins the parish of Tregony, and formerly belonged to the Pomeroys, who had a castle here, of which no traces remain. The rocks are mica slate The village is small. The living is a vicarage annexed to the rectory of Tregony, in the diocese of Exeter. The church, dedicated to St. Keby, is an ancient structure, and near it is a holy well. Newton, Tregonyhayn, Polglaze, Treluking, Bohagoe, Furdar, Rosevallen, MidGargas, Carvath, and Govily are places here."

"ENDELLION, a parish in the hundred of Trigg, county Cornwall, 5 miles N. of Wadebridge, its post town, and 9 N.W. of Bodmin. It is situated on the coast, about midway between Tintagel Head and Padstow Point, near the bays of Quin and Port Isaac, the fishing town of the latter being within this parish. Copper, lead, manganese, antimony, and the peculiar rock known as " mandlestone," are found here. A large number of the people are engaged in the fisheries, of which the pilchard is the chief. Slate is extensively quarried and shipped hence to various parts of the United Kingdom. Nearly the whole of the land is arable. The living is a rectory* in the diocese of Exeter, value £196, in the patronage of the lord chancellor. The church, a stone structure, standing on an eminence, is dedicated to St. Endellion, and having a lofty tower, is regarded as a landmark by the mariner. It is collegiate, and contains three prebends, which are sinecures, exclusive of the rectory, viz. Endellion, Bodmin, or Kings, value £63, Trehaverock, value £115, and Mornhays. The Wesleyan and Association Methodists and the Bible Christians have each a chapel. According to tradition there was anciently a religious house belonging to the Grey Friars in the vale of St. Tillick. On the estate of Roscarrock in this parish are two barrows.

"PORT-GAVORN, a small seaport in the parish of Endellion, hundred of Trigg, county Cornwall, half a mile E. of Port-Isaac. It is situated on the coast of the Bristol Channel. The inhabitants are chiefly employed in the shipping of slate from the Delabole quarry, and in the importation of coal from Wales. The pilchard fishery was formerly very productive."

"PORT-GUIN, (or Port Quin), a small seaport in the parish of Endellion, hundred of Trigg, county Cornwall, 8 miles N.W. of Camelford. It is situated on the coast of the Bristol Channel, and was formerly a large fishing village. The only trade is at present in the importation of coal.

"PORT-ISAAC, a village and small seaport in the parish of Endellion, hundred of Trigg, county Cornwall, 7 miles W. by N. of Camelford. It is situated on the coast of the Bristol Channel, and is a subport to Padstow. It has a small coasting trade, the business being chiefly in the shipping of corn and the importation of coal from Wales. The pilchard fishery, which was formerly extensively carried on, has declined. In the vicinity antimony is found. There are places of worship for Baptists and Wesleyans."

"LOOS ISLAND, an extra parochial place in the hundred of West, county Cornwall, and lying off the mainland S.W. of West Loos. It is about half a mile distant from the shore, and the same in circumference. It is the property of the Trelawney family, and is the resort of wild fowl. Here are some rums of an ancient chapel. Outside the island is a dangerous reef known as Rennies Rocks."

"ST. MICHAEL'S MOUNT, an extra parochial place in the hundred of Penwith, county Cornwall, a quarter of a mile S. of Marazion. It is a remarkable granite rock, about 1 mile in circumference, and 250 feet high, in Mount's Bay, and connected with the shore by a kind of causeway of sand and rocks, which are submerged by every rising, tide, and are dry only at low water. It is called by Ptolemy Ocrium, and is supposed to have been the island Iclis, or Iktas, of the Greeks, noticed by Diodones Siculus as the place near the promontory of Belerium to which the tin, when refined, was brought in carts by the Britons, to be exchanged with the Phoenician merchants. Its British name was Careg-ludgh-en-loos, rendered into the Cornish, Cara-Couzin-Clouze, signifying "the grey or hoary rock in the woods," a tradition apparently confirmed by the discovery of a submarine forest, extending for some miles around the base of the mount, and covered with gravel and sand. The sublimity of the spot caused it to be selected by the ancient Britons as a favourite resort for worship; and shortly after the introduction of Christianity it became a place of pilgrimage, and was' visited in the 5th century by St. Kelna, a princess of British royal blood, who founded a hermitage, which subsequently became the site of a Benedictine priory, to which Edward the Confessor granted the whole island, with the castle and other buildings. It was made by Robert, Earl of Mortaigne, a cell to the abbey of St. Maria de Pericula, in Normandy, and was seized in 1194 by Henry de la Pomeroy for Prince John. Upon the suppression of alien priories, Henry V. gave it to King's College, Cambridge; but in 1471, being surprised by John de Vere, in a pilgrim's disguise, it was recovered by Edward IV., and presented to Syon Abbey. It was seized by the Cornishmen during the rebellion of 1548, and in the civil- war of the 17th century, having been fortified for the king, it was taken in 1646 by Colonel Hammond, the Parliamentary general. After the Restoration it became the property of the Arundells, Bassets, and others, from whom it has descended to the St. Aubyns of Devonport. The mount, which has more the appearance of a work of art than of nature, is exceedingly rugged, consisting of large masses of granite overhanging its base, and crowned with an embattled and turreted building called the chapel tower, which has been restored, and now forms part of the residence of Sir J. St. Aubyn, Bart., whose dining-room is formed out' of the refectory of the ancient priory, and is adorned with carvings of field-sports, from which it is known as the "Chevy-chase" room. On the slope, but towards the top, are two batteries, and an old lantern beacon. The houses are situated at the bottom of the rock, where is a fishing-pier; but the population of the whole island is scarcely above 150 persons. A considerable portion of the surface, which comprises about 70 acres, is in rabbit-warrens; the remainder either a barren crag, or covered with a sparse herbage, scarcely sufficient to pasture a score of sheep for the whole year. It has also some plantations of fir scattered over its surface, and many rare plants are met with. The mount itself consists of a hard granite, in which transparent quartz is the preponderating substance. Among the minerals found are tin, copper, antimony, lead, mica, felspar, fluor spar, malachite, topaz, wolfram, and the triple sulphuret of copper. There is also slate interspersed with granitic veins. Sir Humphrey Davy, who was a native of Penzance, has celebrated St. Michael's Mount in his poem of "Mount's Bay."

"TREGAVETHAN, an extra parochial place in the W. division of Powder hundred, county Cornwall, 3 miles N.W. of Truro."

"FILLEY, (or Philleigh), a parish in the W. division of the hundred of Powder, county Cornwall, 6 miles S.W. of Tregony, and 8 S.W. of Grampound, its post town. The river Fal bounds the parish on the N. and W. It includes the hamlets of Treworlas, Treworthall, and several other small places. Here are ferryboats from various points to the opposite shore. The living is a rectory* in the diocese of Exeter, value £350. The church is an ancient stone edifice, dedicated to St. Felix. The Wesleyans have places of worship in different parts of the parish, and there is a parochial school. Viscount Falmouth and Sir Charles Lemon are lords of the manor.

"GOLANT, (or St. Sampson), a parish in the E. division of the hundred of Powder, county Cornwall, 3 miles N. of Fowey, its post town, and 4 S.E. of Lostwithiel. It is situated on the river Fowey, the village being on the western shore of the harbour. The living is a perpetual curacy in the dioc, of Exeter, value £53. The church is an ancient structure of stone, recently restored.

"JUST, (or Juest, St.), a parish in the hundred of Penwith, county Cornwall, 7 miles W. of Penzance. This parish, which is of large extent, comprising above 7,000 acres, is situated near the Land's End, and is bounded on the W. and N. by the Bristol Channel. Its surface is extremely barren, consisting chiefly of granite and slate, but there is no place of equal extent in England, or probably in Europe, that has produced so many varieties of metallic and earthy minerals, or that displays so many interesting geological features. Tin and copper are extensively worked, and bismuth, asbestos, garnet, talc, hornblende, and opal, with many other minerals, are found. The principal mines are Botallack, Levant, Parknoweth, Huel Cock, Wheat, and others, some ten of which are or have been worked under the bed of the sea, which, in stormy weather, is heard by the miners breaking above like the sound of distant thunder. Several of these mines, chiefly of tin, appear to have been worked at a very remote period, which has led to the inference that this district was the true Cassiterides of the ancients from which the Phoenicians obtained their supplies of tin, and not the Scilly Isles, which do not appear to have ever produced that metal in any great quantity. In several parts of the parish are rock basins, and at Botallack and Tregaseal are some circles of stone called the Rock Circles. The Romans also appear to have had establishments in the vicinity, for at Leswydden two Roman pateræ, besides urns, &c., were found, and in the grounds of the parsonage a bronze figure of a bull two inches high, with various Roman coins, were discovered in 1832. In the time of Dr. Borlase, the county historian, who was born at Pendeen in this parish, the amphitheatre adjoining the town of Churchtown was nearly perfect, with its six tiers of stone benches, but they are now scarcely visible. Tradition relates that upon the conquest of Cornwall in the seventh century, Ethelbert, with six other Saxon kings, dined here at a stone called the Mayne, or at Mean in Sennen. There are ruins of ancient chapels at Park-an-Capel, near Cape Cornwall, and on the summit of Carn Brea Hill. The inhabitants, who are chiefly miners, are scattered in numerous villages, one of the principal being Pendeen, or Churchtown, where a market is held on Saturdays. The living is a vicarage* in the diocese of Exeter, value £484, in the patronage of the lord chancellor. The church is an ancient structure. There are places of worship for Bryanites, Wesleyans, and Free Wesleyans, all of whom have their separate schools. There is a National school at Churchtown, established in 1828; also almshouses.

"LANDWEDNACK, a parish in the hundred of Kerrier, county Cornwall, 10½ miles S.E. of Helston, its post town. It is situated on the Channel, and within its limits is the Lizard Point, the most southerly point of land in Great Britain, from which ships leaving the Channel date their departure, and near which are two lighthouses. This parish formerly belonged to the Earl of Mortaigne and the Hawkinses. A short distance from the Lizard, and partly in this parish, is the famed Kynance Cove, enclosed by high masses of rock of gigantic elevation, and pierced with caverns. These rocks are outwardly of a dark green colour, but internally most beautifully variegated, having veins from light green to purple, white, red and scarlet. The rock called the "Devil's bellows" has obtained this appellation from the roar caused by the rushing of the sea into its deep chasms as the tide rises. There are two stone quarries, from which serpentine of exquisite beauty and susceptible of high polish is obtained. This stone is chiefly used for slabs, mantelpieces, vases, and other articles. There are also brick and tile kilns. During the summer season this place is much frequented by tourists. At Landewednack Cove the pilchard fishery is carried on. The tithes have been commuted for a rent-charge of £253 11s. The living is a rectory* in the diocese of Exeter, value £253. The church, dedicated to St. Lanty, is a stone structure, with a square embattled tower crowned with pinnacles and containing three bells, each dedicated to a saint. The interior of the church contains an ancient granite font, old register chest, and several monuments. There is a National school for both sexes. The Wesleyans and Association Methodists have each a place of worship. Thomas Henry Hawkins, Esq., is lord of the manor."

"KYNANCE COVE, on the W. coast of Cornwall in the parish of Landwednack, 1 mile N.W. of Lizards Point."

"LIZARD POINT, the most southerly point of England, in the parish of Landwednack, in county Cornwall, 10 miles S. of Helston. It lies in N. lat. 49° 58', and W. long. 5° 12', and is the point from which foreign-bound vessels take their departure. It was the Promontorium Damnonium of the ancients, and consists chiefly of serpentine cliffs, on which are two lighthouses, put up in 1751, which are built of white stone, 222 feet high, with fixed lights, visible for 20 miles. To the N.W. is Kynance Cove, and off the coast are the Stags, and other rocks."

"LAUNCESTON, (or Launston), a parish, market town, municipal and parliamentary borough, in the N. division of the hundred of East, county Cornwall, 13 miles from Tavistock, 20 N.E. of Bodmin, and 213 S.W. by W. of London. It is situated on the high road to Truro and Falmouth, at the head of the Bude canal, close to the rivers Kensey and Tamar, over which latter is an iron bridge. It was anciently called Dunneheved, or the "Swelling Hill," and is mentioned in Domesday Book as a town before the Norman Conquest. On a hill, partly formed by nature and partly artificial, are the ruins of a castle, rebuilt by William Earl of Mortaigne, which became the seat of the dukes of Cornwall, and was alternately occupied by the royalists and parliamentarians in the civil war of Charles I. The principal portion now remaining, and recently occupied as the county gaol, is the round keep, 18 feet in diameter, and 32 high, crowning the summit of the bill, and enclosed by three or four walls about 6 feet apart and 12 thick, overgrown with ivy and evergreens. The castle grounds have been laid out at the expense of the dukes of Northumberland, constables of the castle under the Prince of Wales, to whom the manor belongs, and on whom it confers the title of viscount. The town, which was anciently surrounded by a wall with three gateways, was first chartered by Richard, Earl of Cornwall, brother to Henry III. It sent two members to parliament from the reign of Edward I., and was incorporated by Queen Mary in 1555, with the style of "mayor and commonalty of the borough of Dunneheved, otherwise Launceston." At the passing of the Reform Act the ancient boundaries of the parliamentary borough were extended, so as to include the disfranchised borough of Newport, with the adjoining parishes of St. Thomas, South Petherwin, Lawhiton, and St. Stephen's, which last includes Newport. The consolidated borough of Launceston-with-Newport now returns one member to the imperial parliament, elected by the freeholders and £10 householders, but the Duke of Northumberland has some influence. The limits of the parliamentary borough are considerably more extensive than the municipal, the former comprising an area of 13,463 acres, with a population, in 1861, of 5,140, while the municipal comprises only 1,635 acres, with a population of 2,790. The municipal borough is governed by a mayor, who is returning officer, four aldermen, and twelve councillors, town clerk, &c., and has a revenue of about £574. The town, in 1861, consisted of 542 inhabited houses principally built in one long street, with the hamlet of St. Thomas Street at one end. It contains the mayoralty rooms, recently built at the expense of the Duke of Northumberland, in place of the old guildhall, which has been demolished to the great improvement of the town, public assembly rooms, a mechanics' institute, four banks, a savings-bank, union poorhouse, and town gaol, which last is known as Southgate, and is the only one of the three gate towers by which the town was formerly entered now standing. Two large markets have been lately built, one for meat and provisions, the other for corn and light goods, the latter occupying the site of the old guildhall. No particular trade or manufacture is carried on, but the town presents a respectable and business-like appearance, much business being done in agricultural produce and general trade for supply of the surrounding district. The want of the facility of railway communication has recently much diminished the importance of the town, and the population, in the decennial period 18511861, declined by 607, being above one-fifth of the whole. It is an assize and petty sessions town and a polling-place for the county elections. Launceston gives name to a Poor-law Union embracing nineteen parishes in Cornwall and two in Devonshire; it is also the seat of a new County Court and superintendent registry districts, comprising the same. The living is a perpetual curacy in the diocese of Exeter, value £116. The church, dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene, whose recumbent figure occupies a niche in the outer wall at the E. end, is a structure of the middle of the sixteenth century, built of square blocks of granite, each block being carved with figures, and having at the W. end a tower built of different materials, and apparently of earlier date. A gratulatory dedication in Latin runs round the outside, each letter of the inscription, surrounded by an heraldic shield, being carved on a separate stone. The church has a timber ceiling, and is otherwise rich in ornamental carved work; it contains several interesting monuments of the Piper and Wise families. The church of St. Thomas the Apostle, in the adjoining parish, occupies the site, and is partly built of the materials, of the ancient priory of St. Austin, which is said to have had communication by a subterranean passage with the castle of Launceston. In this church are a very ancient font and remains of some ancient fresco paintings. The Wesleyans, Reformed Wesleyans, Independents, and Bible Christians have places of worship. The parochial charities produce about £105 per annum, including £26, the endowment of Queen Elizabeth's free grammar school, now not used, and £20 belonging to St. Leonard's Hospital, originally founded for lepers before the reign of Richard II. There are National and Sunday schools. In the vicinity of this ancient town are many interesting antiquities, including the Norman gateway of the old priory, which now forms the entrance to the White Hart hotel, situated in Broad Street; the ruins of the castle above mentioned; and Roman or British entrenchments, where Roman coins and some coins of leather have been found. Saturday is market day. Fairs are held on the 26th January, first Thursday in March, 25th March, third Thursday in April, Whit-Monday 6th July, and 17th November.

"LUXULION, (or Luxullian), a parish in the eastern division of the hundred of Powder, county Cornwall, 5 miles N.E. of St. Austell, its post town, and 6 S. of Bodmin. Tin is obtained in small quantities. The neighbourhood abounds with granite and slate, which are extensively quarried. The higher grounds command views of the Channel and St. Blazey Bay. The impropriate tithes have been commuted for a rent-charge of £120, and the vicarial for £230. The living is a vicarage* in the diocese of Exeter, value £230. The church, dedicated to SS. Cyricus and Julieta, is an ancient stone edifice standing on a lofty granite foundation, from which there is an extensive prospect. The records of the duchy were for some time preserved in the tower of the church, previous to the civil war of the reign of Charles I. The Wesleyans and Bible Christians have places of worship, and there is a National school. Prideaux is the site of a castle said to have been built previous to the Norman conquest, and near the same spot are remains of an ancient camp. Fairs are held on 2nd July and 7th October.

"MAJOR RUAN, a parish in the hundred of Kerrier, county Cornwall, 7 miles S.E. of Helston, its post town. The village is of small extent, and wholly agricultural. About half the land is in cultivation, and the remainder, chiefly moorland, pasture. The surface is hilly, and the soil clay and marl. The tithes have been commuted for a rent-charge of £170, and the glebe comprises 95 acres. The living is a rectory in the diocese of Exeter, value £191. The church is dedicated to St. Rumon, or Ruan.

"MAWGAN-IN-PYDER, a parish in the hundred of East Pyder, county Cornwall, 3 miles N.W. of St. Colomb-Major, its pest town, and 8 from Padstow. It is bounded on the W. by the Bristol Channel, and includes the small cove of Mawgan Forth. The village, which is small, and chiefly agricultural, is situated in a valley, watered by a considerable stream which, about 2 miles below, falls into the sea between precipitous cliffs. At a point on the coast called Badrathan Steps, a pathway leads down the rocks to a firm sandy beach, locally known as Trevarrian, the sands extending for above 3 miles. Slate of excellent quality is procured in vast quantities from the cliffs, chiefly for exportation. The tithes have been commuted for a rent-charge of £605. The living is a rectory* in the diocese of Exeter, value £590, and a glebe of 64 acres. The church is an ancient structure, and in the churchyard is a cross, with a niche, in which is an alto-relievo of the Crucifixion. The Wesleyans and Primitive Methodists have places of worship, and there are two village schools. A court leet and baron is held annually for the manor of Carnanton. Lanherne House, one of the principal seats of the Arundel family, was fitted up by the eighth Lord Arundel as a nunnery for four Carmelites from Antwerp. Near the village are traces of ancient earthworks."

"MERTHYR, a parish in the W. division of the hundred of Powder, county Cornwall, 6 miles S. of Grampound, its post town, and 5 E. of Truro. The village, which is small, is situated on St. Clement's Creek, an inlet of the river Mopus, which is crossed by Trevilan Bridge, connecting this parish with that of Probus. Excellent building-stone is quarried in this parish. It is the spot where Sir Ralph Hopton surrendered to the parliamentary general, Fairfax, in 1646. A brisk trade in done in coal, timber, and lime, the creek being navigable for coal and stone barges up to Trevilian Bridge. The living is a perpetual curacy in the diocese of Exeter, value £55, in the patronage of the parishioners. The church is an ancient structure, with a wooden bell-turret containing three bells. A portion of the communion plate bears the date 1576. There is an old register chest containing parish documents dating from 1688. There is a parochial school for both sexes, endowed with an annuity of £20. There is a chapel for the Wesleyans in Merther-lane. Hals, the county historian, had a seat at Tresawen, in this parish. There is a ferry from Malpas to Merther. In this parish is the entrance to the mansion of Tregothan, approached by a level carriage way 3½ miles in length. It is at present the seat of Viscount Falmouth, who is lord of the manor and principal landowner. The impropriation belongs to the Dean and Canons of Christ Church, Oxford, whose tithes have been commuted for a rent-charge of £250. A fair is held on the second Monday in February."

"MINOR RUAN, a parish in the hundred of Kerrier, county Cornwall, 9 miles S.E. of Helston, its post town, and 2 S.E. of Ruan-Lanihorne. The village, which is of small extent, is situated near the coast of the English channel. The parish includes Cadgwith Cove, a great resort of fishermen. The manor formerly belonged to the Carminow and Robinson families. The surface is elevated and hilly. The soil is chiefly a clayey marl, interspersed with rock. There are stone-quarries and serpentine works. The tithes have been commuted for a rent-charge of £100; and the glebe comprises 5 acres. The living is a rectory annexed to the rectory* of Grade, in the diocese of Exeter. The church, dedicated to St. Ruan, is an ancient structure, with an embattled tower containing three bells. It has several painted windows. There is an endowed school for both sexes, and a Sunday-school is held within the same building. The Wesleyans and Association Methodists have each a place of worship. C. Hawkins, Esq., is lord of the manor and sole landowner.

"ALAN, (or Camel River), a small stream which rises at Davidstow, in the county of Cornwall, and after a course of about 27 miles, passing the towns of Camelford, Bodmin, and Wadebridge, falls into the Bristol Channel near Padstow. A special interest attaches to it from its connection with the legends of King Arthur. The battle of Camblan, fatal both to the "flower of kings," and his foe, the wicked Modred, was fought near this river.

"EAST, a hundred, county Cornwall, separated into three divisions, Middle, North, and South. The Middle division contains the parishes of Collington, Calstock, St. Dominick, St. Ive, St. Mellion Menheniot Pillaton, Quethiock, and South Hill. The North division contains the borough of Launceston and the parishes of Egloskerry, Laneast, Lawhitton, Lewannick, Lezant, Linkinhorne, North-hill, South Petherwin, St. Stephen's, Stoke-Clinisland, St. Thomas, Tremayne, Tresmeer, and Trewen. The South division contains the parishes of St. Anthony Jacob, Betas Fleming, St. Budeaux, St. Germain's, St. John, Landrake, with St. Erney, Landulph, Rame, Sheviock, St. Stephen's, and part of Maker, together comprising 124,040 acres. It gives name to East deanery, in the archdeaconry of Cornwall and diocese of Exeter."

"GRIMSBY, (or Grinzey Islands), off the coast of Cornwall. They are distinguished as New and Old Grimsby, and form part of the Scilly group, lying between Bryer and Trescow.

"GUNNISLAKE, a small place in the hundred of Tavistock, county Cornwall; 4 miles S. of the town of Tavistock. Here is a post-office. The neighbourhood contains much copper."

"KERRIER, a hundred in the county of Cornwall; contains the towns of Helston and Penryn, and the parishes of St. Anthony, Breage, Budock, Constantine, Cary, Falmouth, Germoe, St. Gluvias, Grade, Gunwalloe, Gwennap, St. Keverne, Landewednack, Mabe, Manaccan, St. Martin with Mawgan, Mawnan, Mullion, Mylor, Perran-Arworthal, Major and Minor Ruan, Stithney, St. Stithian's, and Wendron, comprising an area of 103,550 acres. It gives name to a deanery in the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter."

"LESNEWTH, a hundred in county Cornwall, contains the town of Camelford, and the parishes of Advent, Altarnum, St. Clether, Davidstow, Forrabury, St. Genny, St. Juliot, Laneast, Lanteglos, Lesnewth, Michaelstow, Minster, Otterham, Poundstock, Tintagel, Trenegloss, Trevalga, and Warbstone, comprising an area of 67,000 acres."

"LOE POOL, an inlet on the west coast of Cornwall, with a bar of pebbles at its mouth. Cornelians and agates are found on the shores."

"LYNHER, a stream of county Cornwall, rises under Brown Willey, and falls into Lynher Creek below St. Germains."

"MENEAGE, a district in the western part of county Cornwall, between the Lizard and Loon Pool."

"MOUNT HAWK, a parish and hamlet in the hundred of Penwith, county Cornwall, 4 miles N. of Redruth. It is situated in a mining district. The living is a perpetual curacy in the diocese of Exeter, value £130, in the patronage of the crown and bishop alternately."

"PENWITH, a hundred in the county of Cornwall, contains the towns of Marazion and Penzance, and the parishes of Buryan, Camborne, Crowan, St. Erth, Gulval, Gwinear, Gwithian, St. Hilary, Illogan, St. Ive's, St. Just, Lelant, St. Levan, Ludgvan, Madron, Paul, Perran-Uthnoe, Phillack, Redruth, Sancreed, Sennen, Towednack, and Zennor, comprising together an area of 101,070 acres. It gives name to a deanery in the archdeaconry of Cornwall and diocese of Exeter."

"POWDER EAST, a hundred in the county of Cornwall, contains the parishes of St. Austell, St. Blazey, St. Dennis, St. Ewe, Fowey, Gorran, Ladock, Lanlivery, Lostwithiel, Luscullian, Mevagissey, St. Mewan, St. Michael Carhayes, Roche, St. Sampson, St. Stephen and Tywardreth, comprising an area of about 74,460 acres."

"PYDER, a hundred in the county Cornwall, contains the town of Wadebridge and the parishes of St. Agnes, St. Breock, Colan, St. Colomb Major, St. Colomb Minor, Crantock, Cubert, St. Enoder, St. Ervan, St. Eval, St. Issey, Lanhydrock, Lanivet, St. Mawgan, St. Merryn, Newlyn, Padstow, Perranzabuloe, Little Petherick, St. Wenn, and Withiel; comprising an area of 103,000 acres."

"RELISTION, a copper mine in the hundred of Penwith, county Cornwall, 3 miles S.W. of Camborne, and 13 S.W. of Truro."

"SEATON, a stream of the county of Cornwall, rises near Liskeard, and falls into the English Channel."

"SEVEN-STONES, a reef off the Land's End, county Cornwall. It lies out at sea about 7 miles from the shore, and is marked by a floating light."

"STRATTON, a hundred in the county of Cornwall, contains the parishes of Jacobstow, Kilkhampton, Launcells, Marham Church, Moorwinstow, Poughill, Stratton, North Tamerton, Week St. Mary, Whitstone, and parts of Boyton and Bridgerule, comprising an area of 5,502 acres."

"TAMAR, a river of counties Cornwall and Devon, rises near Wooley, in Cornwall, and after receiving the tributary waters of the Attery, Lyd, Tavy, and Lynner, forms Hamoaze Harbour, at the head of Plymouth Sound, and nearly opposite Devonport Dockyard."

"THE LIONESSE, a rock off the W. coast of Cornwall, lying between the Land's End and Scilly, on which the Palinarus was lost in 1848. It is supposed to have been overwhelmed by the sea in 1099.

"TRIGG, a hundred, county Cornwall, contains the parishes of Bodmin, Blisland, St. Breward, Egloshayle, St. Endellion, Helland, St. Kew, St. Mabyn, St. Minver, St. Tenth, Temple, and St. Tudy, comprising an area of 63,020 acres. It gives name to two deaneries in the archdeaconry of Cornwall and diocese of Exeter."

"WEST, a hundred in county Cornwall, contains the parishes of Boconnoc, with Broad Oak, Cardinham, St. Cleer, Duloe, St. Keyne, Lanreath, Lansalloes, Lanteglos-by-Fowey, Liskeard, St. Martin, Morval, St. Neot, Pelynt, St. Pinnock, Talland, St. Veep, Warleggon, and St. Winnow, besides the disfranchised borough of Looe, comprising 92,600 acres. It gives name to a deanery in the archdeaconry of Cornwall and diocese of Exeter."

"WEST POWDER, a hundred in the county of Cornwall, contains the towns of Grampound and St. Mawes, also the parishes of St. Allen, St. Anthony, St. Clement, Cornelly, Creed, Cuby, St. Erme, St. Feock, Gerrans, St. Just, Kea, Kenwyn, Lamorran, Merther, St. Michael Penkevil, Philleigh, Probus, Ruan-Lanihorne, Truro, and Veryan, comprising an area of 62,000 acres.

"MOORWINSTOW, (or Morwinstow), a parish in the hundred of Stratton, county Cornwall, 7 miles N.W. of Stratton, its post town. It is situated on Bude Bay near the Bristol Channel, and at the head of the river Tamar. The parish is the most northerly in Cornwall, and contains the hamlets of Woodford, Crosstown, Gooseham, Coombe, Woolley, and Eastcot. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in agriculture. The parish is bounded on the W. by the Bristol Channel, and on the E. by the river Tamar, which, with the Torridge, has its source here. The impropriate tithes have been commuted for a rent-charge of £390, and the vicarial for £365. The living is a vicarage in the diocese of Exeter, value £276, in the patronage of the bishop. The church, dedicated to St. Morvenna, is situated on the cliffs, and is of great antiquity. It is a Norman structure, abounding with curious details, and has a square tower containing four bells. The S. aisle and chancel were added in 1300, and are dedicated to St. John the Baptist, but other additions and alterations have been made since that period. The S. porch is ornamented with curious figures, as are also the pillars which divide the aisles and nave. There is a screen and monuments of the Kempthornes and Waddons of Tonacombe. The Wesleyans have a place of worship. The parochial charities produce about £10 per annum. There is a National school. Bishop Stanbury of Hereford and Sir William Adams, the eminent oculist, were natives of this parish.

"NEWLYN, a parish in the hundred of Pyder, county Cornwall, 8 miles N. of Truro, and 8 N.W. of Grampound, its post town. The parish, which is large, lies between St. Enoder and Perranzabuloe, and is bounded on the N. by St. Columb. It includes, besides the village of its own name, part of the hamlet of Mitchell, and the ancient manor of Cargol, which last at the time of the Domesday Survey belonged to the priory of Bodmin, and was afterwards possessed by the bishops of Exeter, who had a palace here. The surface is hilly, and in parts intersected with deep valleys. The land is nearly evenly distributed into three classes, according to its natural capabilities, viz: arable, pasture, and meadow, and the remainder downs, common, and waste. The soil is of various qualities, but produces good crops of wheat, barley, and turnips. The prevailing timber is oak and elm, of which there are some stately trees. There are several chalybeate springs in the parish. The substratum is rich in mineral wealth, and the lead mine called East Wheal Rose yields ore in which about 40 ounces of silver are found to the ton. The petty sessions for the W. division of the hundred of Pyder are held in the village, which was once a market town, under a grant obtained for it by the Bishop of Exeter in 1312. It is compactly built in the most elevated part of the parish, and commands a wide prospect over the surrounding country. The population has of recent years considerably increased. The parish contains several old mansions, including Trerice, formerly the seat of Lord John Arundell, who was present with Queen Elizabeth at the review of the troops at Tilbury, and who so bravely defended Pendennis Castle at the advanced age of eighty. Only part of this once baronial edifice is still standing, and is much dilapidated. Tresilian is the seat of Richard Gully Bennett, Esq. The present lords of the manor and principal landed proprietors are, Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, Viscount Falmouth, the Bishop of Exeter, and Christopher H. T. Hawkins, Esq. The impropriate tithes have been commuted for a rent-charge of £755, and the vicarial for £470, with a glebe of 9 acres. The living is a vicarage* in the diocese of Exeter, value £380, in the patronage of the bishop. The church, dedicated to St. Newlyn, is a spacious cruciform structure with a lofty square embattled tower crowned with pinnacles or minarets at each of the angles, and containing a peal of five bells. The church, which is of great antiquity, has undergone much repair, having been partly rebuilt at various periods, and was reroofed in 1846. It contains a marble monument bearing the bust of Lady Margaret Arundell. The Wesleyans and Bryanites have chapels. There is a parochial school for boys and girls, with a small endowment. On the Downs in the vicinity are several barrows."

"ROACH, (or Roche), a parish in the E. division of Powder hundred, county Cornwall, 5½ miles N. of St. Austell, its post town, and 7 S.W. of Bodmin. The village, which is chiefly agricultural, is situated near Hensbarrow beacon. Roche is mentioned in Domesday Book as Treroache, and was held by the De Rupes. On a rugged quartz rock are ruins of a hermitage 15 feet by 10½, said to have been once inhabited by the celebrated hermit Conan, who afterwards removed to the see of St. Germans. A portion of the inhabitants are engaged in the tin stream works, of which there are several in this parish, and a rich mine, called the Rock Mine, was opened in 1831. China clay is also found in large quantities, and sent to Liverpool for the potteries. The lofty elevation called Hainsborough, or Hensbarrow, and which gives rise to the river Fal, is partly in this parish. In the streams which descend from this eminence grains of pure gold are occasionally discovered. The living is a rectory* in the diocese of Exeter, value £413. The church, dedicated to St. Gomonda, was rebuilt in 1822, and has a square embattled tower containing six bells. In the churchyard is an ancient cross. There is a National school for both sexes. The Wesleyans and Bible Christians have each a place of worship. Fairs are held in May, July, and October, for the sale of cattle.

"SCILLY ISLANDS, comprising the parish of St. Mary, in county Cornwall. These islands, of which there are about 40 in number, besides numerous rocks, form a cluster lying off the S.W. coast, and annexed to the western division of the county of Cornwall. They are situated about 40 miles due W. from the Lizard Point, and 30 S.W. from the Land's End. Sailing packets ply regularly twice a week between Hugh Town, in the island of St. Mary's, and Penzance. These islands are generally considered to have been first known to the Greeks and Phoenicians by the name Cassiterides, or tin islands; and both Diodorus Siculus and Strabo distinguish between the Cassiterides and Britain, though modern antiquarians are inclined to believe that the western extremity of Cornwall must have been included in the term Cassiterides, as there are no traces of workings in the islands sufficient to countenance the opinion that much tin was ever obtained from them. In the time of the Romans, who called them Sellinæ or Siluræ Insulæ, they were employed occasionally as a place of banishment for state criminals, but there are now no traces of their ancient importance. There are a few primeval monuments, but the early inhabitants appear to have been replaced by others of Saxon origin, as indicated by their names, language, and customs. In the early part of the 10th century the Danes, who had taken possession of them, were expelled by King Athelstan. They appear from this time to have been the property of the crown, but were subsequently in part granted to the abbey of Tavistock on its endowment. In the reign of Edward I. the remainder not so granted was held of the king at a yearly rent of 300 puffins, and at present they form part of the Duchy of Cornwall, although they are not so enumerated in the original grant of Edward III. to his eldest son. In the civil war of Charles I.'s reign they afforded a temporary asylum to Prince Charles and his followers, and in 1649, the king having been executed, Sir John Grenville, as governor, fortified and held them for King Charles II. At length in 1651 the parliament finding their trade much molested by Sir John's frigates, fitted out a formidable armament, under the command of Admiral Blake and Sir George Ascue, which effected the reduction of the islands in the following June. In 1707 Sir Cloudesley Shovel, on his return from Toulon, was lost on the Gilston rocks, which form the south-western portion of the group, and several of the officers lie buried in the churchyard of St. Mary's Isle. For several centuries these islands were held on lease from the crown by the lords Godolphin, and after them by the Duke of Leeds, but they are now in the possession of Augustus Smith, Esq., who is lord proprietor of the whole. The total surface of the islands is between 3,500 and 4,000 acres, and the number of inhabitants 2,431. The principal islands with their acreage are St. Mary's 1,640 acres, Trescaw or Tresco 720, St. Agnes 550, St. Martin's 500, Bryher or Brehar, 320, Sampson 80, St. Helen's 40, Annette 40, Tean 35, Great Gannilly 35, Arthur 30, Great and Little Genniomick 10, North Withial 8, Giveal 8, and Little Gannilly 6. The whole of the underlying rocks are igneous, consisting chiefly of granite, intermixed with felspar, quartz, and mica slate, and occasionally schorl, chlorite, and hornblende, in isolated patches. The soil is commonly a black peat intermingled with granitic sand, but is tolerably fertile, producing potatoes, barley, wheat, and rye. The produce of the land might easily be increased with improved modes of agriculture, but at present is scarcely sufficient for the inhabitants. The natural growth is a short, thin grass, intermixed with wild camomile, fern, heath, dwarf furze, and moss. Seaweed is commonly employed as manure, and the cattle are partly fed on it, which occasions their meagre appearance. The sheep are of a peculiar breed, and small sized, as are also the horses. Rabbits are less numerous than formerly, and puffins, once very abundant, are now but rarely seen. There are no timber trees and no fruit trees, except in a few sheltered spots in St. Mary's Island, which is the largest of the group and the seat of government. Its capital is Hugh Town, situated upon a sandy isthmus about a mile distant from the Old-town. The island is protected on the W. side by Star Castle, built by Queen Elizabeth, and the Garrison, with its numerous batteries and barracks. There is a new pier, built in 1838, and a good harbour, called the Pool. In 1855 a lighthouse was erected off this pier, another lighthouse has also been erected on Bishop's Rock, in the S.W. part of the group, and a floating light has recently been stationed near Leven Stones by the Trinity House. The military commandant at St. Mary's, and a collector of customs, are appointed by the authorities in London, but the lessee usually appoints the council, who exercise civil jurisdiction. The council hold their sittings at Hugh Town monthly for the trial of minor offences, but persons charged with capital crimes are remitted to Penzance, to be tried before the justices of the county of Cornwall. The islands are under the spiritual jurisdiction of the Bishop of Exeter, and form part of the archdeaconry of Cornwall. In former times the Abbot of Tavistock held the whole of the tithes on condition of finding two monks to reside there, and to provide for the spiritual wants of the inhabitants, but since the Reformation the tithes have been vested in the lord proprietor, who is patron of the donative curacy, and pays the minister an optional salary. Until of late years the minister of St. Mary's Isle was the only clergyman, but another has been appointed by the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge, who resides at Tresco. When these ministers cannot visit the churches on the other islands the service is performed by the clerks. The same society also supports schools on the principal islands. The Wesleyans have a place of worship. The Baptists have several preaching stations. In 1865 these islands were visited by the Prince and Princess of Wales."

"SOUTHILL, a parish in the middle division of East hundred, county Cornwall, 3 miles N.W. of Callington, its post town, and 9 E. of Liskeard. The parish is situated betwixt the rivers Tamar, Lynher, and Inny, and near the high road from Callington to Bodmin. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in agriculture, but copper, lead, and silver mines have been worked. In the vicinity is an ancient British encampment designated Catsonbury. The living is a rectory,* with the perpetual curacy of Callington annexed, in the diocese of Exeter, value £748. The church, dedicated to St. Sampson de South Hill, is an ancient stone structure. The mother church of Callington is dedicated to the Virgin Mary. The parochial charities produce about £15 per annum, of which £5 go to Knill's school. There is a National school for both sexes, and a Wesleyan chapel. A Sunday-school is held at the church. Lord Ashburton is lord of the manor."

"ST. BUDEAUX, a parish in the hundred of Roborough, in the county of Devon, but extending also into the East hundred, in the county of Cornwall, 4 miles to the N. of Plymouth, its post town. It is situated in a beautiful country, on the banks of the river Tamar, just below its confluence with the Tavy. The Tavistock branch of the South Devon railway passes a little to the eastward of this place. The village is nearly opposite to Saltash, where the Tamar is crossed by a ferry. The living is a perpetual curacy* in the diocese of Exeter, value with that of Knackersknowle annexed, £130, in the gift of the Vicar of St. Andrew's, Plymouth. The church, which stands on a hill commanding a good view of the Tamar and the surrounding country, was founded by the Budocksheds, a family who long held the manor, and whose monuments, with several others, are in the church. Here is a free school for boys and girls, endowed in 1767 by Peter M. Docton, which has a revenue of about £90 per annum, for which 12 children of each sex are educated and clothed. A castle formerly stood here, the seat of the Budocksheds.

"ST. FEOCK, a parish in the hundred of West Powder, county Cornwall, 4½ miles from Truro, which is its post town. It is situated near the head of Falmouth Harbour, and is bounded on the E. by the river Fal, on the W. by Restronguet Creek, and on the S. by Carrick Roads. The land is chiefly, arable, with about 600 acres of pasture. The scenery is picturesque, and beautifully diversified with wood and water. At Point is a large smelting-house for lead and silver ore; and at Devoran, a small shipping port at the head of Restronguet Creek, is a railway which conveys the copper ore from the Gwenness mines, to be shipped for South Wales, bringing back coals for their use. The living is a vicarage in the diocese of Exeter, value £204, in the patronage of the bishop. The church is an ancient edifice, with a detached tower about 60 feet off. In the churchyard is an ancient cross, with a figure rudely sculptured. At Devoran a beautiful church has lately been erected in the early English style, with granite spire, as a chapel-of-ease for that rapidly increasing village. There are several places of worship for Wesleyans, and a Friends' meeting-house and burial-ground, called "Come-to-good," said to be one of the oldest in the county. There are National schools near the church and at Devoran. The chief seats are Trelifick and Porthgwidden, both beautifully situated on the banks of the harbour. At Roundwood are traces of a British camp.

"ST. INE, a parish in the hundred of East, county Cornwall, 4 miles N.E. of Liskeard, and 4 W. of Callington. The village is considerable. The substratum abounds in minerals, and there is a slate quarry which is extensively worked. The tithes have been commuted for a rent-charge of £430. The living is a rectory in the diocese of Exeter, value £362, in the patronage of the crown. The church is a handsome structure. In the chancel is a monument to Sir Boucher Wray. There is a place of worship for Wesleyans. The charities produce about £10 per annum.

"ST. MARY, a parish, and the principal of the Scilly Isles, coast of the county of Cornwall, 25 miles W. by S. of the Land's End. It is about 2½ miles long by 1½ mile broad. The surface of the island, which rises in some parts to a considerable elevation, is in general rocky and barren, but in the vales are some fertile spots. Minerals are found in the hills. It contains Heugh, or Hugh Town, the only town in Scilly, situated on the S.W. side of the island, at the foot of Garrison Hill, which is joined to it by an isthmus. The town, which was much damaged by inundation during the great storm in 1744, contains a townhall, custom-house, and a prison, and is defended by the Star fort, originally built by Sir Francis Godolphin in 1593. Its harbour, which is defended by a pier, has from three to five fathoms water, where vessels of 150 tons may ride in safety, but it is difficult of access owing to the Woolpack, Bartholomew, and other ledges of rock. About a mile from Hugh Town is the Church Town, consisting of a few houses and the church, in the chancel of which were buried the bodies of several persons of distinction who were drowned with Sir Cloudesley Shovel in October, 1707, when the Association man-of-war was cast away upon the Gilston rock. To the N. of the island is Crow Sound, and a little to the eastward Pomellin or Porthmillin Bay, famous for its white sand, used as writing sand. There is also another small village called Old Town, formerly the most important place in the island, and on the W. side, of the island are St. Mary's garrison, with the barracks and the remains of several batteries. The Baptists and Wesleyan Methodists have chapels. There are several schools, one of which is aided with £12 per annum by the Duchy of Cornwall. The Pilots' Fund Charity consists of the interest of £365 government stock, applied to the relief of the widows of pilots lost by drowning. Numerous Druidical and other British remains have been met with on the island, and on a promontory called the Giant's Castle are traces of an ancient fortress.

"BRYHER, a small island in the parish of St. Mary, Scilly Islands, in the county of Cornwall."

"GANILLY ISLES, on the N.E. side of the Scilly Islands in the parish of St. Mary, county Cornwall. They are distinguished as Great, Little, and Gannick, and comprise about 20 acres each."

"GWYNHILL and GWYNHILLVEOR, islets of the Scilly group in the parish of St. Mary, off the coast of Cornwall."

"HEUGH TOWN, in the parish of St. Mary, Scilly Islands, of which it is the capital, county Cornwall. It is situated on a sandy peninsula between St. Mary's Pool and Port Cressa, and has a small pier, about 400 feet long. The town is small, consisting chiefly of one crooked street of stone houses, roughly built. It contains a prison, court-house, steward's house, with several shops and inns. The church stands at Old Town. On Heugh Hill, a short distance from the town, stands Star Castle Fort and the barracks. The living is a perpetual cur: in the diocese of Exeter."

"SAMPSON, one of the Scilly Islands, in the parish of St. Mary, county Cornwall. It comprises about 80 acres, and has several ancient barrows."

"ST. AGNES, the southernmost of the Scilly Islands in the parish of St. Mary, on the western coast of Cornwall, about 1 mile in length, and half a mile in breadth. A lighthouse, 60 feet in height, with a revolving light of Argand lamps and reflectors, seen all round once a minute, has been erected on one of the highest points of the island. It is an important mark for seamen, and is visible to a distance of 16 miles. It was first established by Adam Walker, in the year 1680. The Gilstone Rock, where Sir Cloudesley Shovel was lost, in 1707, lies a little westward of this island. The island comprises an area of nearly 650 acres, and in 1851 had 204 inhabitants. The church of St. Agnes is a small, plain edifice, containing a nave, one aisle, chancel, and transept. The clergyman is appointed by A. Smith, Esq., lord proprietor of the isles. There is an infant school, and a meeting-house of the Bible Christians.

"ST. HELEN'S, one of the smaller Scilly Islands, in the parish of St. Mary, county Cornwall, N. of Tresco Island, with an old church, good pasture, but no inhabitants.

"ST. MARTIN, one of the Scilly Islands in the parish of St. Mary, off the western coast of Cornwall, 3 miles N. of St. Mary's. It is chiefly used for sheep pasture, and is inhabited by fishermen. On the S.E. side of the island is a channel, or sound, and on the shore a landmark, 40 feet high.

"TRESCOE, an island in the parish of St. Mary, Scilly Islands, county Cornwall, 2 miles N.W. of St. Mary's. The principal village is called Dolphin. It has a good anchorage at New Grimsby. There are traces of a priory cell, and of Old and Oliver's Castles, where Asker and Blake formed intrenchments for the purpose of capturing St. Mary's Island, the last retreat of the adherents of King Charles I. This island measures about 2 miles in length by 1 mile in breadth. The land is generally fertile. The living is a curacy in the diocese of Exeter. The church is dedicated to St. Nicholas."

"ST. MICHAEL CARHAYES, a parish in the E. division of the hundred of Powder, county Cornwall, 4 miles E. by S. of Tregony, its post town, and 7 S.W. of St. Austell. The parish, which is small, is situated on the shore of the English Channel, by which it is bounded on the S. It includes the small port called Luny, or Veryan Bay, and contains the hamlets of Carhayes-Barton and Polgrain. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in agriculture. The tithes have been commuted for a rent-charge of £150. The living is a rectory and vicarage* in the diocese of Exeter, value with St. Dennis and St. Stephen's, £659. The church, dedicated to St. Michael, is a stone structure, with a lofty castellated tower. The interior contains, besides the sword of Sir Hugh, who was at Bosworth Field, several monuments to the Trevanions. There is a school, chiefly supported by the Trevanions.

"CARHAYES-BARTON, a hamlet in the parish of St. Michael Carhayes, hundred of Powder, in the county of Cornwall, 3 miles to the S.E. of Tregony. It is on the seacoast, and has the seat of Colonel Trevanion, a mansion in the Gothic style of architecture."

"POLGRAIN, a hamlet in the parish of St. Michael Carhayes, county Cornwall, 3 miles S.E. of Tregoney."

"ST. MICHAEL-PENKEVIL, a parish in the W. division of the hundred of Powder, county Cornwall, 2 miles S.E. of Truro, and 5 W. by S. of Tregony. The village, which is small, is situated at Mopas Ferry on St. Clement's Creek. The manor anciently belonged to the Penkevil family, from whom the parish takes the suffix to its name, and subsequently came through the Courtenays, Carminows, and others, to the Boscawens of Tregothnan. The surface is rugged, and the subsoil a slaty rock, with traces of copper. There are two old seats known as Tregonian and Nancarrow. The living is a rectory* in the diocese of Exeter, value £156. The church, dedicated to St. Michael, is an ancient edifice, with a tower and buttresses, and adjoins the park. It contains a monument by Rysbrach, to Admiral Boscawen, who died in 1761, and one to the "rich" Carminow. There is a school supported by the Earl and Countess of Falmouth.

"ST. SAMPSON, a parish in the E. division of Powder hundred, county Cornwall, 4 miles S.E. of Lostwithiel. The navigable river Fowey bounds the parish on the E. The living is a perpetual curacy in the diocese of Exeter, value £53. At a spot called Castle-Dore was formerly a castle of the earls of Salisbury.

"ST. STEPHEN, a parish in the N. division of East hundred, county Cornwall, 1 mile N.W. of Launceston, its post town, and 16 miles from Camelford. It includes the disfranchised borough of Newport, and is mentioned in Domesday Book as Lanson. It derives its present name from the collegiate church of St. Stephen, which Bishop Warlewast, of Exeter, converted into an Austin priory in 1126. The village is situated on the brow of a hill immediately above Newport. The living is a perpetual curacy in the diocese of Exeter, value £110, in the patronage of the inhabitants. The church is an ancient edifice with a tower. The parochial charities produce about £224, of which £193 go to Horwell's school. Fairs are held on 12th May, 31st July, and 25th September, all of which are for cattle.

"NEWPORT, formerly a representative borough in the parish of St. Stephen, N. division of the hundred of East, county Cornwall, 214 miles W. by S. of London. It is situated opposite Launceston, on a branch of the river Tamar, and appears anciently to have been joined with that borough under the name of Dunheved. It separately returned two members to parliament since the reign of Edward VI., but was disfranchised by the Reform Act, and incorporated with Launceston."

"ST. STEPHEN'S IN BRANNEL, a parish in the hundred of Powder, county Cornwall, 4 miles N.W. of St. Austle, its post town, and 12 from Bodmin. It is mentioned in Domesday survey as Bernel, and was held at that time by the Earl of Mortaigne, and was part of Caerhayes. It is situated in the midst of a mineral district, and is productive of granite, tin, copper, iron, antimony, and a fine white clay extensively used in the porcelain manufactures of Staffordshire. The living is a rectory* in the diocese of Exeter, value £780. The church is an ancient Norman structure with a detached tower, situated on a hill. It contains the tomb and rhyming epitaph on Dr. Wolrige. There are National schools, and four almshouses endowed by James Buller in 1726.

"ST. STITHIANS, a parish in the hundred of Kerrier, county Cornwall, 4 miles S.E. of Redruth, and 9 S.W. of Truro. This parish includes a part of the village of Ponsnooth, and the Druid stones called the Nine Sisters. There are powder and paper mills. The surface is hilly, and the substratum principally granite and slate, with veins of tin. The land, which is principally in dairy farms, is fertile and well cultivated, though the soil is somewhat shallow. The living is a vicarage* in the diocese of Exeter, value with Perran Arworthal £377. The church, dedicated to St. Stedian, is an ancient structure of granite, situated 390 feet above the sea-level. There is a chapel for Wesleyans, also a National school. In this parish are several ancient sculptured crosses.

"PONSANOOTH, (or Ponsanooth), a hamlet in the parishes of St. Gluvias and St. Stithians, hundred of East Kerrier, county Cornwall, 3 miles N.W. of Penryn, and 6 from Truro. It is situated on the road from Falmouth and Redruth to Penryn. The inhabitants are partly employed in the woollen manufacture, and others in the Kennal gunpowder mills in the vicinity. There are places of worship for Wesleyans and Bible Christians, also a village school.

"ST. THOMAS THE APOSTLE, a parish in the N. division of East hundred, county Cornwall. It adjoins the borough of Launceston, its post town, and includes the hamlet of St. Thomas Street. The village is situated on the Kensey stream. There are quarries of good building-stone, and manganese is obtained. In the vicinity is a portion of the wall of the canonry founded by Bishop Warlewast in 1126. At the Dissolution its revenue was valued at £354 0s. 11d. The living is a perpetual curacy in the diocese of Exeter, value £110, in the patronage of the ratepayers. The church stands on the site of the priory, and contains some ancient tombs. The Launceston grammar school, and the National schools for the parishes of St. Thomas and St. Stephen are situated in this parish. At Kestelwood are vestiges of ancient earthworks."

"TREGONY, a parish and town in the W. division of Powder hundred, county Cornwall, 3 miles from Grampound, and 10 S.W. of Bodmin. It is situated on the river Fal, which was once wide and deep, but is now obstructed by the accumulation of sand and rubbish. The original town, situated at the base of the hill on which the present is built, occupied the site of the Roman Cenin, or Voluba, and belonged to the Earl of Mortaigne at the time of the Domesday survey. The manor afterwards came to the Pomeroys, Boscawens of Tregothnan, and Bassets. The present town, which has been lessened in importance since the increase of Truro, consists of one principal street, forming part of the road from St. Austell to St. Mawes. It is a petty sessions town and decayed borough, having been incorporated by James I. in 1620, and returned two members to parliament from Edward I.'s time until disfranchised by the Reform Act. In the vicinity are traces of a castle, supposed to have been erected in the reign of Richard I. Many of the inhabitants are employed in the copper and tin works. The living is a rectory with the vicarage of Cuby, in the diocese of Exeter, value £311. The church is dedicated to St. James. The parochial charities produce about £72 per annum. There is a National school for both sexes. The Independents, Wesleyans, and Bible Christians have chapels. Fairs are held on Shrove Tuesday, 3rd of May, 25th July, 1st September, and 6th November."

"TRENEGLOS WITH WARBSTOW, a parish in the hundred of Lesnewth, county Cornwall, 10 miles W. of Launceston, its post town, and 8 N.E. of Camelford. It belongs to Braddon of Tregleath. It is on the road from Launceston to Camelford. The surface is hilly, and the soil clayey, with a subsoil of slate. On the moors are a three-circled encampment, and a barrow at Warbstow. The living is a vicarage* annexed to that of Warbstow, in the diocese of Exeter, value £187. The church is dedicated to St. Werburgh. The parochial charities produce about £3 per annum, realised from land at Tretfligh. There are National and Sunday schools at Warbstow. J. Braddon, Esq., is lord of the manor."

"TRESMEER, a parish in the N. division of East hundred, county Cornwall, 7 miles N.W. of Launceston, its post town, and 9 E. of Camelford. The village is situated on the old road from Launceston to Camelford, near the river Attery, which bounds the parish on the N. The soil consists of a dark loam, with a subsoil of slate and clay. There are stone quarries and mines of manganese, but the latter are not at present worked. The living is a perpetual curacy in the diocese of Exeter, value £105 The church is dedicated to St. Nicholas. There are chapels for Wesleyans and Bible Christians. The Duke of Northumberland is lord of the manor. A fair is held on 20th July."

"WARLEGGON, a parish in the hundred of West, county Cornwall, 5½ miles N.E. of Bodmin, its post town, and 30 from Plymouth. The village is situated on a branch of the river Fowey. The soil consists of peat and clayey loam, with a subsoil partly of granite and partly of clay slate. The living is a rectory* in the diocese of Exeter, value £125. The church, dedicated to St. Bartholomew, was struck by lightning in 1817. G. W. F. Gregor, Esq., is lord of the manor:"

Search the GENUKI Gazetteer. [Click the Gazetteer link at the top of any page, not the search box which searches GENUKI pages.] 
The GENUKI Gazetteer covers the whole of England, Wales and Scotland and can be searched by place-name (or part of a place-name) or Ordnance Survey Grid Reference (six-figure, eg NZ183848). If there are multiple place-names matching the name you enter, you will initially be presented with a drop-down list of the matching place-names with their distances and bearings from London, England.

The GENUKI Church Database. [Click the Churches link at the top of any page, not the search box which searches GENUKI pages.]
This covers the whole of the UK and includes facilities for listing other churches and parishes within any specified distance of the parish church.

• The Vision of Britain site provides: A vision of Britain between 1801 and 2001. Including maps, statistical trends and historical descriptions. 
  - read the guide to searching places, units and locations 
  - check the sources on which this excellent site is based
• The downloadable PARLOC program is available from Dave & Chris Bennett's site.
• The Open Domesday project enables you to locates places (and their details) from the Domesday book.

GENUKI Gazetteer maintenance - Ireland

Basic information

All the Irish Civil Parishes and Townlands appear in the gazetteer, but for many we do not have an actual location. So as a starting point it uses the centre of the county when we have no location. Where we have a parish location we use that as a starting location for the townland. All very approximate but it helps guide reasearchers to the appropriate area and as we add locations it gets nearer and nearer to the real value. So most of this work is to achieve that. There is also other documentation describing how it is achieved.

• The status of each county section can be seen on the statistics page which helps identiy the amount of work required for each county.
• Details of the format of the source files and basic techniques are described in the Gazetteer maintenance page.
• Work already mostly done on developing the Irish counties is a useful adjunct.

Work required

The starting point for each county is to take a look at the Parishes column on the statistics page. If you hold the mouse over the numbers it explains what they represent. We want to get to the stage where there is just single number here where we've created a web page for each parish. If there is a name other than Phil Stringer in the Maintainers column then somebody is already working on this county.

In the end we want to get to the stage where there is nothing in the Approx column, and nothing in the No links column but it is easiest to do some of the tasks in a particular order.

Exact location for parish

In the Approx column, if there is a number marked Parishes with an approximate location this is the simplest one to resolve first. It is those parishes that had a location in our original data and location should be nearly right. Click the number for the names of the parishes, and click each name to see a page with links to online maps. Select This place shown on a Google map. Zoom the map appropriately and drag the icon to where you think the centre of that place is. You then have the correct value to go the csv file and can change the Approx field (column C)from Y to N. If you find the Google map does not take you to a place and ther is none nearby on the map, then perhaps then perhaps an error was made in the past. So use the instructions in the next step for finding the centre location of the parish.

Parishes where we need a location

These can be identified in the Parishes column, and are labelled Civil parishes for we don't yet have a location. Click the number and see the list of names. Click a name to take you to links to online maps, the ones in the south are much easier to do.

• North - the Irish Times site is your friend as it shows where they all are on a map. It is not always easy to relate this to the modern Google map as it does not show place names. But you need to open a Google map in another browser tab and pan it and move the marker to then centre of the area shown on the Irish Times. You then have the centre location of the parish.
• South - follow the link to the Irish Ordnance survey site. Use the search menu on the right, and select the county and then Historic parishes. That shows you a historic map of the parish along with its boundaries. Pan the map until the red cross is in the centre of the parish. Don't pan it again on subsequent clicks as it changes the location that you've just found!. I find it best then to go to the 'Preview map series' menu on the right and select 'Wind report' it changes to a modern map which is much easier to relate to the Google map. Zoom, without, panning so that you can see place names that you can relate to a Google map that you've open in another tab. So look at that the OS map with one eye and move the marker on the Google map to the same location. You then have the centre location of the parish.

Cut and paste the location (Lat/Lon) into column B in the csv file for that parish entry. Change the Approx field (column C) from Y to N. Now for all the townlands without a location in this parish, change the Approx field (column C) to P, and add the parish centre location to column B. This makes the most significant improvement to the gazetteer.

Places with no location at all

As updated versions of the csv file are updated the entries that need attention in the statistics file thankfully drop. At this point the Places with no location at all in the Approx column should now have disappeared. If not it is worth fixing these now as there will be very few left for this county. Sometimes you may see Market Town in column K with the name of a description in column L. Search the gazetteer for this place to read the description. It may tell you this is also a parish. If so copy column L into column L for the parish where it is missing and then you can probably just delete the duplicate Market Town entry. For others a Google search can help identify it and lead to a location.

Townlands with a parish centre location

We are now getting to the more tedious work, but once done it makes it much more useful for researchers. In the Approx column there is probably a significant number entitled Places with a parish location. This gives list of all the names which can be clicked to link to maps, such as Google centred on the parish centre, the value in that entry in the csv file. However going through this alphabetically can be slow and it isn't as easy to spot mistakes.

The easiest method I've found is to look in the csv file at all the entries in a parish, the smaller parishes being easier. Use the gazetteer to search for the entry for the parish and ask it to display all the places in the parish on a Google map. There will be townland names on the Google map which should match the ones you need to find. If none match then the parish location may be wrong! There do seem to townlands in other parishes with the same name as actual parishes. In the rare event that this has happened, then fix the parish centre location as described above. Drag and drop the marker on the map to find the location of the townlands and change the location field in the csv file and also change the Approx to N.

Start with the ones where we already have an approximate location as they show up reasonably easily to start with. Then compare the unknown townland names nearby on the Google map with the csv file. Where they match, drag and drop and you have another answer. Google does at times have two identical names close by. I tend to use the one in the larger font as that seems to be the older one. If both are the same size I drag to point mid-way between.

So what about the townlands that don't seem to be on the Google map? Well we can go to the Irish OS site and search for the townland and see where it is on the map. Be careful that the one you get is the one you want as there can be multiple townlands with the same name. Again a useful check is to look at adjacent ones on the map and see if they are in that parish in the cav file. The Irish OS technique can only be used for counties in the South as it doesn't have the countties and townlands in the search menu for the north. If it is a county in the North try the map provided by the Northern Ireland Environment Agency. We haven't found a way to link into a location so you will need to zoom and pan to the parish location and then search for townland names. There does seem to be better coverage than Google, and it appears to have more accurate locations.

There will be some very small townlands that the Irish OS site doesn't have in the menu. If it is an island, then browse the Irish OS 6" historic map for the parish and pan and zoom across the wet areas. It is easy to find island names there. For tiny townlands that aren't islands, try a Google search as somebody may have described the location. Otherwise you are left with panning the historic 6".

There is also a technique that will find the townlands plotted on a Google map. Go to https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@?dg=dbrw&newdg=1 and put the place and county in the search bar. It normally finds it and shows a marker on a map with a rough outline of the townland. What you want is the location of the marker. So right click next to the marker and a menu will appear. Select What's here? and the lat/lon is placed in the search bar. I tend to compare that with other places in the parish to make sure it is nearby and so the right one.

In the larger parishes I find it useful to put in a framework of townlands, upload the csv file, and wait for the nightly update. Things are then clearer on the map the next day. There is less clutter and it is easier to finds ones that still need doing. You need to zoom in for Google to make some visible.

The remaining places with approximate locations

That ones that are left with approximate locations come from the CIA World Fact Book. Some will be duplicates of existing places, some geographic features and some places smaller than townlands. So take each one in the list, and select nearby places on a Google map.

• Look at nearby places marked on the map, and if a duplicate, remove it from the csv file.
• I look at all Cross Roads and tend to remove any that match the name of a nearby townland. If it is a new name check on the Irish OS map and zoom in when it usually becomes visible. You then know the exact location and can drag/drop the Google marker. It is also useful loohing at the historic 6" to see which parish it was in, and put that name in the Parish field. The CIA didn't always get the spelling right, so make any adjustments that are needed.
• If it is a named bridge, then I keep these setting the exact location, and filling in the Parish name.
• Then any small places I treat in a similar way.

It is during this phase that the towlands with parish boundaries running through them become visible as we have two or more markers at the same spot. Zoom in to make it clearer and perhaps drag one to the side to check the names and the parishes.

We only want the user to be presented with a single place at that location. We don't multiple gazetteer entries for any of these as we are trying to specify where they are, not to document an administrative hierarchy. But we can do our best to tell the user that it is in multiple parishes. So for the first entry for the townland put the names of the parishes it lies in, in the parish field separating the names with a colon ':' character (without quotes). Then delete the entries from the other parishes. We then have a single place listing all the parishes it is in.

Gotchas

There do seem to be some parishes split across counties. If you find one, get in touch with Phil as he has devised a technique to handle it but has not yet implemented it.

The Post Office's Postcode Finder

The Post Office no longer supports their postcode finder tool. Instead they advise: for the most up-to-date address and postcode details, please use your preferred mapping service such as Google Maps or Apple Maps, or use a search engine.

• The GENUKI Gazetteer covers the whole of England, Wales and Scotland and can be searched by place-name (or part of a place-name) or Ordnance Survey Grid Reference (six-figure, eg NZ183848). If there are multiple place-names matching the name you enter, you will initially be presented with a drop-down list of the matching place-names with their distances and bearings from London, England.
• A Gazetteer of British Place Names provided by the Association of British Counties. This comprehensive place-name index for Britain lists more than 50,000 places and gives the Ordnance Survey grid reference, the ancient or geographical County, and current local government information for each place name. There is comprehensive coverage of alternative spellings (including Welsh and Gaelic versions) and detailed notes specifically aimed at historians and genealogists. Appendices relate present day registration districts to local government areas and list those places which lay in a different "registration county" to their ancient County in the 19th century.
• The GB1900  Project - a crowd-sourced historical gazetteer based on the 1:10560 Ordnance Survey mapping of Great Britain
• GENUKI Church Database provides an online Parish Locator covering the whole of the UK. This includes facilities for listing other churches and parishes within any specified distance of the parish church.
• UK Placename Finder from Popular Archaeology includes details of 160,000 UK places.
• The archived copy of the BBC Domesday Project Reloaded website provides a method of searching the contents of the original BBC Domesday Gazetteer disk - a huge crowd-sourced description of the UK, dating from 1986 - by using the TNA Discovery Catalogue's results filtering facility.

Some historical gazetteers:

Lewis, Samuel. A Topographical Dictionary of England. 4 vols. London: S. Lewis and Co., 1831

Southall, Humphrey; Aucott, Paula; Fleet, Christopher; Pert, Tom; Stoner, Michael. GB1900: engaging the public in very large scale gazetteer construction from the Ordnance Survey “County Series” 1:10,560 mapping of Great Britain. Journal of Map & Geography Libraries, Vol. 13, No. 1, (2017), p. 7-28. [PDF]

Wilson, John M. The Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales. Six Volumes. Edinburgh, Scotland: A. Fullerton, 1870

The National Gazetteer: A Topographical Dictionary of the British Islands. Virtue and Co., London (1868) 3 vols. [Full text - vol 1 (A-E), vol. 2 (F-M), vol. 3 (N-Z)]

Gazetteer of the British Isles. Edinburgh, Scotland: John Bartholomew and Sons, Ltd., 1966.