Edited by D M & E M Lloyd  

First published 1953, reprinted 1965

**My copy of this book was deposited with Glamorgan FHS in April 2022 (Gareth Hicks)

This is a real treasure chest of a little book [384 pages], here is a listing of the Contents and Illustrations pages .

CONTENTS

• INTRODUCTION ---D. M. and E. M. Lloyd   [see short extract]
• PROLOGUE ---Islwyn [WilliamThomas)

PLACES

• Tintern Abbey ---William Wordsworth
• Piercefield--- William Coxe
• An Enchanted Land--- Arthur Machen
• The Eagles Depart ---Saunders Lewis
• Arthur's Feast at Caerleon--- Dingestow Chronicle
• A Market Scene ---William Coxe
• Abergavenny Tombs--- Thomas Churchyard
• The Swan on Syfaddon Lake--- Dafydd ap Gwilym
• Oh, Aberedw, Aberedw ---Francis Kilvert
• The Places of my Boyhood ---Idris Davies
• Rhymney--- Idris Davies
• Sylvan Rhondda--- Benjamin Heath Malkin
• In Gardens in the Rhondda--- Idris Davies
• Swansea Bay--- Julia Ann Kemble(Ann of Swansea)
• Grongar Hill--- John Dyer
• St Govan--- A. G. Prys- Jones
• Maenor Pyrr ---Giraldus Cambrensis
• The Fishing Lass of Hakin--- Lewis Morris
• Tregaron Bog ---Sir Owen M. Edwards
• Devil's Bridge--- George Borrow
• The Poet's Petition--- Dafydd ap Gwilym
• Llanuwchllyn Old Chapel--- Sir Owen M. Edwards
• To the River Clegyr ---Iorwerth C. Peate
• The Red Bandits of Mawddwy--- Thomas Pennant
• Penmaen Pool--- G. Manley Hopkins
• The Squire of Cwmbychan ---Thomas Pennant
• Merioneth--- Prince Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd
• The Cuckoo's Song in Merion --- Lewis Morri's
• Arennig Vawr --- George Borrow
• A Royal Scene at Harlech --- The Mabinogion
• Snowdon Twice Visited--- Thomas Pennant
• On Snowdon --- George Borrow
• Snowdon-A Moonlit Scene--- William Wordsworth
• Nant Gwynant --- William Wordsworth
• Near Llanberis--- William Wordsworth
• The Owls --- R. Williams Parry
• Helen of Segontium--- The Mabinogion
• Caernarvon --- D. Lloyd George
• Bardsey of the Saints --- Meilyr
• On Holyhead---  George Borrow
• Llandudno--- Matthew Arnold
• The Vale of Clwyd--- Michael Drayton
• In the Valley of the Elwy--- G. Manley Hopkins
• Sycharth--- Iolo Goch
• Castle Caereinion ---Robert Roberts
• In Praise of Oswestry--- Guto'r Glyn

HISTORY-LITERARY AND GENERAL

• Celtic Magic --- Matthew Arnold
• Mabinogi and Edda--- Gwyn Jones
• An Early Eisteddfod--- The Chronicle of the Princes
• How to praise each thing ---Welsh Poetic Art
• The Bardic Functions
• Style and the Celts--- Matthew Arnold
• Welsh and English Poetry--- Goronwy Owen
• The Essence of Welsh Poetry--- Saunders Lewis
• A Prince prepares for Death ---Life of Gruffudd ap Cynan
• Death of a Young Prince ---The Chronicle of the Princes
• Powys bereft of her Princes--- Cynddelw
• The Berwyn Invasion--- The Chronicle of thePrinces
• "According to Plan" The Chronicle of the Princes
• "Dominion Status"---The Welsh Assize Roll, 1277-1284
• The Fall of Llywelyn--- Bleddyn Fardd
• Yvan of Wales--- Jean Froissart
• A Welsh Policy --- Owain Glyn Dwr (Glendower)
• Owen Glendower--- William Shakespeare
• Owain Glyn Dwr--- Sir Owen M. Edwards
• "My Hope is on what is to come"--- Sion Cent
• A Wasp's Nest--- Sir John Wynne
• A Turbulent Age---  Sir John Wynne
• A Call to Arms---  King Henry VII
• Old and New Times--- George Owen, of Henllys
• The Act of Union
• On the Act of Union--- A. O. H. Jarman
• The Reformation --- Sion Brwynog
• The Ballad of the Welsh Buccaneers--- Lieut. William Peilyn
• Henry Morgan's March on Panama --- A. G. Prys-Jones
• "An Old and Haughty Nation"---  John Milton

PASTORAL AND INDUSTRIAL

• Wales through Exiles' Eyes--- Dr. Gruffudd Robert, of Milan
• A Peasant --- R. S. Thomas
• In Praise of the Labourer---  Iolo Goch
• The Little Old Cottages --- Hugh Evans
• Knitting --- Hugh Evans
• Hill-Farms of Gwent--- William Coxe
• A Country Home---  Sir Henry Jones
• A Merry Evening at the Hafod--- Glasynys (O. W. Jones)
• A Farmhouse Sunday School---  Robert Roberts
• Gwladys Rhys--- W J. Gruffydd
• Country Churchyards--- Daniel Owen
• The Country Doctor--- D. Lloyd George
• The White Fleet-Footed Steed
• The King-Tree--- Gwallter Mechain(Walter Davies)
• Pembrokeshire Coal --- George Owen, of Henllys
• A Bad System--- Robert Owen
• 'The Kingdoms of the Earth' ---Jack Jones
• Grinding Poverty--- T. Rowland Hughes
• A Good and Steady Trade --- Daniel Owen
• The Court Cupboard--- D. J. Williams
• Dowlais-Two Generations--- Jack Jones
• Mrs. Evans Fach --- Idris Davies

PEOPLE, GREAT AND SMALL

• Death of St David--- The Anchorite of Llanddewibrefi
• "Praiseworthy was he"--- Aneirin
• The Lady of Wales --- The Chronicles of the Princes
• Yvan asserts his claims--- Jean Froissart
• A Contrast --- W. Bower
• Catherine of Berain--- Thomas Pennant
• A Welsh Engineer--- Thomas Pennant
• At the Grave of Henry Vaughan--- Siegfried Sassoon
• A Poet's Mother--- Goronwy Owen
• A Portrait of a Poet---  Lewis Morris
• William Edwards, Bridgebuilder--- Benjamin Heath Malkin
• A 'Cambro-Briton'--- Tobias Smollett
• A Formidable Guest ---Samuel Johnson
• Margaret Uch Evan--- Thomas Pennant
• Gruffydd Jones of Llanddowror --- R. T. Jenkins
• Owain Myfyr---  R. T. Jenkins
• Advice to a Son--- Sir Walter Scott
• Evans, a Cambro-Briton --- Charles Lamb
• On Leaving London for Wales--- Percy Bysshe Shelley
• A Methodist 'Exhorter'--- Edward Matthews, of Ewenny
• Flummery and Character---  Robert Owen
• A Methodist Wife--- Robert Roberts
• Margaret Williams---Myfyr Wyn (William Williams)
• A Hermit and his haunts--- Francis Kilvert
• The Lady of Llwyn Madoc --- Herbert M. Vaughan
• An Old Quarryman --- T, Rowland Hughes
• A Backwoodsman --- D. Lloyd George
• Lloyd George--- Dr. Thomas Jones
• A Daughter of the Sea---  Eluned Morgan
• The Chairing of the Bard --- R. Williams Parry
• War Epitaph --- R. Williams Parry
• Old Age ---  Kate Roberts
• Sisters --- Kate Roberts
• Quite Early One Morning---  Dylan Thomas

HUMOUR, ROMANCE, AND SENTIMENT

• Seithenyn --- Thomas Love Peacock
• An Early Sabbatarian--- Thomas Love Peacock
• Professional Jealousy --- Giraldus Cambrensis
• My Purse, Gramercy for this! --- Sir Phylip Emlyn
• Pistol Eats the Leek--- WilliamShakespeare
• Fluellen and Gower --- William Shakespeare
• Mr. Morgan on Captain Whiffle--- Tobias Smollett
• A Knight-Errant in Wales --- Edmund Burke
• Twm Shon Catti--- George Borrow
• Sermon on Potatoes --- Robert Roberts
• Will Bryan and the Clock---  Daniel Owen
• Beti Jones's Supper --- Hugh Evans
• Antichrist, or the Reunion of Christendom--- G. K. Chesterton
• Pride of Lineage --- Sir John Wynne
• Perthir and Werndee--- William Coxe
• A Braggadochio Welshman --- Sir Thomas Overbury
• The Noble Head --- The Mabinogion
• Birds of Rhiannon---  D. Gwenallt Jones
• Blodeuwedd--- The Mabinogion
• Prince Madoc's Farewell---  Mrs. Felicia D. Hemans
• " I hate it"---  Giraldus Cambrensis
• Good Will---  Rowland Vaughan
• Epigrams --- John Owen (the Epigrammatist)
• Carpe Diem--- Dafydd ap Gwilym
• Capel Hebron--- Idris Davies
• King Brutus---  John Owen (the Epigrammatist)
• A Patriot's Vision--- Gwallter Mechain (Walter Davies)
• To My Motherland--- Sir Lewis Morris
• The Soul of a Nation --- Sir Owen M Edwards
• Avallon --- T. Gwynn Jones
• Wales---  E. Prosser Rhys
• A Vineyard placed in my care--- Saunders Lewis
• I'r Hen Iaith a'i Chaneuon--- Walter Dowding
• Wales --- D. Gwenallt Jones
• Affinity--- T. H. Parry- Williams
• Lame Ants--- D. Lloyd George

CUSTOMS, BELIEFS, AND REFLECTIONS ON LIFE

• Life--- The Red Book of Hergest
• Appointment of a Judge--- Welsh Laws
• Advice for the Welsh --- Giraldus Cambrensis
• Penillion Singing --- Thomas Love Peacock
• Penillion
• A Welsh Harper --- William Wordsworth
• At the Eisteddfod --- Sir Lewis Morris
• A Hunting Scene--- The Mabinogion
• The Game of Knappan--- George Owen, of Henllys
• Graveyard Flowers---  Benjamin Heath Malkin
• By the Sea
• Lime-washed Cottages--- Benjamin Heath Malkin
• Hospitality and Refinement--- Gwallter Mechain (WalterDavies)
• Local Manners--- Benjamin Heath Malkin
• A Domestic Scene--- Sir Henry Jones
• Thomas Bartley on Domestic Economy--- Daniel Owen
• 'Knockers' in Mines --- Lewis Morris
• The Fairies in Wales --- Edmund Jones
• The Kyhirraeth --- Edmund Jones
• Methodism and Superstition --- Robert Roberts
• At the Gate---  Ellis Wynne
• Arrant Thieves--- Ellis Wynne
• First Principle of Society --- Robert Owen
• A Sense of Values---  Daniel Owen
• Puritanism and Rural Wales--- Thomas E. Ellis
• Sunday--- George Herbert
• Seeming Piety--- Ellis Wynne
• Sabbath Labour--- Daniel Owen
• Will Bryan on the 'Fellowship' --- Daniel Owen

POEMS, SONGS, BALLADS

• Dinogad's Smock --- The Book of Aneirin
• The ' Englynion of the Graves'--- The Black Book of Carmarthen
• Love and War--- Gwalchmai
• My Choice --- Prince Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd
• The Hirlas Poem --- Prince Owain Cyfeiliog
• A Lament --- Dafydd Benfras
• Winter-Time--- Bleddyn Fardd
• The Mist --- Dafydd ap Gwilym
• The Grove of Broom --- Dafydd ap Gwilym
• The Poet and the Friar --- Dafydd ap Gwilym
• To the Gull--- Dafydd ap Gwilym
• Epigrams ---John Owen (the Epigrammatist)
• Elegy over a Tomb---  Lord Herbert of Cherbury
• The World--- George Herbert
• Peace --- Henry Vaughan (the Silurist)
• In Praise of a Girl---  Huw Morus
• The Miner's Ballad---  Lewis Morris
• The Bard --- Thomas Gray
• The War-Song of Dinas Vawr--- Thomas Love Peacock
• The Lady of Shallott--- Alfred Lord Tennyson
• A Love Song--- Eifion Wyn (Eliseus Williams)
• Days that have been---  W. H Davies
• The Return --- T. H Parry- Williams
• Snowdrops --- Cynan (A. E. Jones)
• Fern Hill--- Dylan Thomas
• Remembrance --- Waldo Williams

RELIGIOUS AND PHILOSOPHICAL

• The First Word I will say--- The Black Book of Carmarthen
• A Pious Poem---  Elaeth
• On Christians, Mercy will fall--- The Black Book of Carmarthen
• Epigrams---  John Owen (the Epigrammatist)
• Love---  George Herbert
• Discipline---  George Herbert
• The Pulley ---George Herbert
• Where is Christ?--- Morgan Llwyd
• They are all gone into the World of Light--- Henry Vaughan (the Silurist)
• The Retreate---  Henry Vaughan (the Silurist)
• The World--- Henry Vaughan (the Silurist)
• The Best Education---  Dr. Richard Prire
• An Honest Mind---  Dr. Richard Price
• I gaze across the distant hills--- William Williams, of Pantycelyn
• Lo, between the myrtles standing--- Ann Griffiths
• Guide me, O Thou Great Jehovah--- William Williams, of Pantycelyn
• A Missionary Hymn--- William Williams, of Pantycelyn
• Riches and Poverty--- Twm o'r Nant (Thomas Edwards)
• A Welsh Sermon---  Robert Roberts
• A Christian Woman---  Daniel Owen
• Jerusalem --- Ceiriog (F Ceiriog Hughes)
• Intimations---  Islwyn (William Thomas)
• Church-Membership--- Sir Henry Jones
• The True and the Good ---Sir Henry Jones
• A Friendly Universe---  Sir Henry  Jones
• Epilogue--- Ceiriog (F Ceiriog Hughes)

NOTE ON PRONUNCIATION OF WELSH

DATES IN WELSH HISTORY

FIRST LINES OF POEMS

LIST OF AUTHORS

LIST OF TRANSLATORS

ILLUSTRATIONS

• Snowdon
• Conway Castle
• Harlech Castle
• Chepstow Castle
• Tintern Abbey
• Roman Amphitheatre at Caerleon
• Caernarvon Castle
• National Library of Wales
• University College of Wales, Aberystwyth
• In Cathays Park, Cardiff
• Plas Newydd, Llangollen
• Market Hall, Llanidloes
• The Guildhall, Swansea
• Yr Wybrnant, home of Bishop Morgan
• Y Garreg Wen, near Borth-y-Gest
• St. David's Cathedral, the Nave
• Cwm, Llangernyw
• Pantycelyn
• The Welsh Folk Museum-St. Fagans Castle
• Cwmparc, Rhondda Valley
• Rural Serenity, Carmarthenshire
• The Monmow Gate, Monmouth
• The Central Buttress, Tryfan
• Tryfan
• Aberffraw
• Fishguard
• North Beach, Tenby
• Aberystwyth from the air
• Near Tal-y-1lyn
• Coracle Fishing by Cenarth Bridge
• The Devil's Bridge
• The Menai Straits
• Mawddach Estuary and Cader Idris
• Aberglaslyn Pass
• Nantgwynant
• Bala Lake
• In Henry Vaughan's Country
• South Stack Lighthouse, Holyhead
• The Green "Bridge," Pembrokeshire
• River Wye, near Rhayader
• Pont-ar-Elan, near Plynlimon
• Nant-y-Stalwyn farmstead and Towy Stream
• Swallow Falls, Betws-y-Coed
• Llyn Idwal
• Moel Siabod and River Llugwy
• Telford's Highway, now "A5"

Id="Introduction" name="Introduction">Introduction

Here is a partial extract from the book's introduction which I feel gives the reader a taste of the material in the book;

"................................Included in this book is a translation of one of the most widely known passages by the best loved of modern Welsh writers, the late Sir Owen M Edwardes [ 1858-1920].[The Soul of a Nation]

He knew well enough what he meant when he said that Wales had a soul.

He was not worried by metaphysical niceties, and neither was he thinking in terms of racial purity.

On racialism we can do no better than quote Sir Ifor Williams, doyen of Welsh scholarship today, who once remarked that

................... 'the people of England and of Wales are formed of the same racial ingredients, although not necessarily in the same proportions, but that the same is true of Christmas cake and plum pudding, only that one has been baked and the other boiled ' !

The varying racial proportions probably have some bearing on national temperament, modes of feeling and artistic gifts, but in the main our distinctive national characteristics are the fruits of age-long common experiences, the results of having inhabited the same corner of the earth, the incalculable effects of the natural scene and the affinities born of it, of having spoken a common tongue, created our own institutions, shared the same responsibilities, felt the same community sense, and borne the effects of the same national development.

We can still recognise ourselves in the people of Giraldus's Wales of the twelfth century--our faults and our good qualities, though much has changed.

The Wales of Giraldus and that of Jack Jones are peopled by the same warm-hearted impulsive folk, often contentious, susceptible to the appeal of oratory, relishers of the finely-turned and bold phrase, and passionately attached to the local community and surroundings.

They realise themselves in the interplay of personal relations within the neighbourhood and country to which they feel they belong, and have a deep distrust of any impersonal officialdom, privilege, or remote control. A shrewdness and distrust of vague sentiment are combined with a verse, prose, or in pulpit or platform speech.

Here is no 'Celtic twilight', but a love of clarity, brilliance, distinct colours and striking antithesis.

These are our prevailing modes."

Selected by Meic Stephens

J M Dent & Sons Ltd, 1987

• From the book's dustjacket
• Contents

---

From the book's dust jacket

Wales is a country with two languages and two literatures. This book, the only one of its kind now available, is an anthology of poetry and prose in English translation which reflects the ancient tradition of Wales and the contemporary vitality of literature in both Welsh and English. All the great names of Welsh and Anglo-Welsh literature are included -  Dafydd ap Gwilym, Saunders Lewis, Kate Roberts, Dylan Thomas, David Jones, R. S. Thomas and so on - as well as a host of other writers (more than a hundred in all) who have contributed memorably to their country's heritage.

Their writing touches on many of the major themes of human experience such as childhood, love, patriotism, work, politics, humour, nature, war, death and religion, and sparkles with passion, an imagination, a wit and a mastery of language which will be widely recognized as distinctively Welsh.

Not only are most periods of Welsh history represented but there is hardly any part of Wales that is not featured, from the mountains of the North to the industrial valleys of the South. The reader will find here a portrait of the land and people in all their moods, whether joyful or sombre, and perhaps come to a better understanding of Wales and the Welsh.

This is a delightful book for browsing in, a book to be enjoyed both as bedside reading and as an excellent introduction to the literature of that most creative of countries. It has been expertly compiled by Meic Stephens, who presents here a generous selection of Welsh writing in translation which, although personal, is knowledgeable, finely balanced and authoritative.

---

Contents

• Dannie Abse
  • Return to Cardiff
  • Lol
  • Epithalamion
• Ruth Bidgood Little of Distinction
• George Borrow A Bard of Anglesey
• Euros Bowen
  • The Swan
  • Blackthorn
• Duncan Bush Summer 1984
• Brenda Chamberlain Bardsey
• Joseph P. Clancy A Cywydd for Kate
• Gillian Clarke
  • Birth
  • Harvest at Mynachlog
  • Lunchtime Lecture
• Anthony Conran Elegy for the Welsh Dead in the Falkland Islands, 1982
• B.L. Coombes My First Night Underground
• Alexander Cordell The Execution of DicPenderyn
• Tony Curtis Preparations
• Cynddelw Brydydd Mawr Poem on his Deathbed
• Dafydd ab Edmwnd A Girl's Hair
• Dafydd ap Gwilym
  • The Girls of Llanbadarn
  • The Seagull
  • In a Tavern
• E. Tegla Davies Nedw and his Nuts
• Idris Davies
  • One Day by the Sea
  • Land of my Mothers
  • Do You Remember 1926?
  • Consider Famous Men, Dai Bach
• J. Kitchener Davies A Prayer
• John Davies The Bridge
• Pennar Davies Gravity
• Rhys Davies The Courting of Esther
• W.H. Davies
  • The Kingfisher
  • Leisure
  • Days that have Been
• Clifford Dyment The Romance of Caerleon
• Marion Eames Learning to Read
• Tom Earley Rebel's Progress
• Jane Edwards Only for a Walk
• Owen M. Edwards
  • Owain Glyn Dwr
  • The Welsh Not
  • The Old Chapel
• Islwyn Ffowc Elis
  • The Old Woman of Bala
  • Before I Go
• Caradoc Evans Be This Her Memorial
• George Ewart Evans
  • A True Story
  • The Gypsies
• Hugh Evans What will you have for Supper?
• Albert Evans Jones (Cynan) Aberdaron
• Anonymous Olwen
• Trevor Fishlock Remember Tryweryn
• J.O. Francis Conversation in a Train
• Raymond Garlick
  • Agincourt
  • Matters Arising
  • Anthem for Doomed Youth
• Geoffrey of Monmouth
  • Brutus Names the Island
  • The Death of Arthur
• Gerald of Wales
  • The boy who Stole a Golden Ball
  • The Birds of Llyn Syfaddan
  • The Old Man of Pencadair
• Geraint Goodwin The Red Lion
• Ll. Wyn Griffith
  • Learning English
  • Silver Jubilee, 1939
• Ann Griffiths Lo, between the Myrtles
• Gruffudd ab yr Ynad Coch Elegy for Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
• Ifan Gruffydd The Hiring Fair
• W J. Gruffydd
  • Gwladys Rhys
  • Exile in Cardiff
• Anonymous The Hunting of Twrch Trwyth
• George Herbert Love
• Nigel Heseltine Hero of his Village
• John Ceiriog Hughes Still the Mighty Mountains Stand
• Richard Hughes The Glass-Ball Country
• T. Rowland Hughes Thrown into the River
• Anonymous The Assembly of the Wondrous Head
• E. Morgan Humphreys Salem
• Emyr Humphreys
  • From Father to Son
  • The Arrest
  • A Pacifist Protest
  • Hide and Seek
• Rolfe Humphries For my Ancestors
• Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd Exultation
• Anonymous Branwen
• Elisabeth Inglis Jones
  • The Black Ram
  • The Burning of Hafod
• Sian James Miss Miriam Lewis
• Anonymous The Gresford Disaster
• Bobi Jones
  • Portrait of a Pregnant Woman
  • Having our Tea
• David Jones Dai's Boast
• D. Gwenallt Jones
  • The Dead
  • Rhydcymerau
  • Glamorgan and Carmarthenshire
• Glyn Jones
  • The Meaning of Fuchsias
  • My Radiant Granny
  • The Common Path
  • Summer Camp
• Gwyn Jones
  • All this is Wales
  • A White Birthday
  • The Sun of Llanfabon
• Idwal Jones The Way Up
• Jack Jones
  • The Light of the World
  • So long, Dad
• John Gwilym Jones The Plum Tree
• J.R. Jones Your Country Leaving You
• Lewis Jones
  • The Father of Jane's Baby
  • Jane in her Coffin
• R. Gerallt Jones Remember to Write
• Anonymous Hiraeth
• Robert Ambrose Jones Keep Yourselves a Nation
• Sally Jones Ann Griffiths
• T. Gwynn Jones
  • Argoed
  • Ystrad Fflur
• T.H. Jones
  • Back?
  • Rhiannon
• William Jones Young Fellow from Llyn
• Lewis Glyn Cothi Lament for Sion y Glyn
• Alun Lewis
  • The Mountain over Aberdare
  • In Hospital: Poona (1)
  • Goodbye
• Eiluned Lewis The Birthright
• Saunders Lewis
  • The Vineyard
  • The Deluge 1939
  • The Eagles Depart
  • Ascension Thursday
• Gweneth Lilly The Normans cross the Menai
• Richard Llewellyn In Blood, I say No
• Alan Llwyd The Welsh Language
• Llywelyn Goch ap Meurig Hen Lament for Lleucu Llwyd
• Alun Llywelyn-Williams
  • When I was Young
  • Yesterday's Illusion or Remembering the Thirties
• Arthur Machen An Enchanted Land
• Roland Mathias The Flooded Valley
• Robert Minhinnick The Drinking Art
• Derec Llwyd Morgan Trouble Registering my Daughter
• Robert Morgan Blood Donor
• Jan Morris The Welsh Republic
• Leslie Norris
  • Water
  • The Ballad of Billy Rose
  • Elegy for David Beynon
• John Ormond
  • Cathedral Builders
  • Salmon
  • In September
• Daniel Owen
  • Will Bryan on the 'Fellowship'
  • Country Churchyards
• R. Williams Parry
  • Eifionydd
  • The Fox
  • Bluebells
• T.H. Parry-Williams
  • These Bones
  • This Spot
  • Hafod Lwyfog
• Iorwerth C. Peate Nant-yr-Eira
• Thomas Pennant
  • Portrait of a Lady
  • The Red Bandits of Mowddwy
• John Pook In Chapel
• Caradog Prichard
  • Goodbye to a Friend
  • Crying
• A.G. Prys-Jones
  • Quite so
  • A Ballad of Glyndwr's Rising
• Goronwy Rees The Hwyl
• E. Prosser Rhys Wales
• Alun Richards Elmyra Mouth
• Gruffudd Robert Longing for Wales in Milan
• Eigra Lewis Roberts Deprivation
• Kate Roberts
  • The Condemned
  • No Letter from Twm
  • Old Age
• Dafydd Rowlands
  • Joseph the Milk
  • A Child's War
• Howard Spring
  • Errand Boy
  • Poverty
• Anonymous A Reminder
• Dylan Thomas
  • Fern Hill
  • Memories of Christmas
  • After the Funeral
  • The Outing
• Anonymous Lament in old Age
• Gwyn Thomas
  • The Jazz Band
  • Over the Mountain
  • Love in the Terraces
• Gwyn Thomas
  • Horses
  • An old Thing
• Ned Thomas The Black Cloud
• R.S. Thomas
  • The Welsh Hill Country
  • A Blackbird Singing
  • Welsh History
  • Kneeling
• Thomas Jacob Thomas (Sarnicol) Dic Sion Dafydd
• John Tripp
  • Diesel to Yesterday
  • Separation
• Anonymous The Death of Saint David
• Aled Vaughan The White Dove
• Henry Vaughan
  • They are all Gone into the World of Light!
  • Peace
• Hilda Vaughan Megan Lloyd
• Richard Vaughan A Country Wedding
• Vernon Watkins
  • Ode to Swansea
  • Returning to Goleufryn
  • Peace in the Welsh Hills
  • Taliesin in Gower
• Anonymous Pwyll, Prince of Dyfed
• Harri Webb
  • Big Night
  • Thanks in Winter
  • A Crown for Branwen
• DJ. Williams
  • Earliest Recollections
  • The Square Mile
  • A Good Year
• Anonymous The Hall of Cynddylan
• Gwyn Williams Easter Poem
• Herbert Williams The Old Tongue
•  Islwyn Williams Will Thomas 's Cap
• Raymond Williams
  • You Got a Boy, Harry
  • Black Mountains
• Anonymous Death
• Waldo Williams
  • What is Man?
  • In Two Fields
  • Preseli
  • Remembrance
• William Williams (Pantycelyn)
  • I Gaze across the Distant Hills
  • Guide me, O thou great Jehovah

---

1880-1980

By Wayne Thomas, 1980

**My copy of this book was deposited with Glamorgan FHS in April 2022 (Gareth Hicks)

There is a Foreword by D E Wilson of Ansells Brewery Ltd who were associated with the Centenary of the Welsh Rugby Union and donated part of the sale proceeds of the book to the Union's Charitable Fund.

There is an introductory piece by Wilfred Wooller on the theme ' The Evolutionary Process of the 100 Years', here is his opening paragraph;

"Evolution and natural selection is a process by which this world has matured. The rugby game is equally subject to these laws of nature. It cannot stand still. It must evolve. The rugby code is fortunate in that its complicated structure of players and laws, allow various alternatives of development, not so the parent code from which it sprang, association football...."

The author's introduction explains how he selected the 100 players who have short biographical sketches in the book,

There is a Conclusion by Phil Bennett, here is his opening paragraph;

"Any rugby player is honoured by recognition, especially by one's own people, and we in Wales are deeply proud of our rugby heritage. To be included in a list of a century of rugby players is something special even though, at the same time, one must pay tribute to the other gallant six hundred who have worn the magical scarlet jersey with the Prince of Wales feathers emblem...."

There is an alphabetical list of Welsh internationals with their clubs and who they played against and when.

Also a list of the leading Welsh Cap holders as at 1980.

The biographical sketches are listed below by reference to the period in the game's development that the author has defined.

Each of the 100 players has a photograph included, here is a list of other photographs

---

List of Other Photographs

This list shows the date, opponent country,page number, and whether players' names are included.
A 'yes' indicates a set team group, but some are 'in play' shots.
They are in page order, but not always chronological.

1882, Ireland, 8, yes	1893, ?, 14, yes	1899, Ireland, 26, yes
1900, England, 26, no	1902, Scotland, 31, no	1902, England, 34, one
1904/5, England, 37, yes	1905, New Zealand, 39, yes	1905, New Zealand, 39, three
1907, England, 41, one	1906, South Africa 43, no	1907/8, Scotland, 48, yes
1902, Scotland, 51, three	1911, Scotland, 55, yes	1921, France, 56, two
1925, Scotland, 56, one	1924, New Zealand, 59, two	1926, Ireland, 70, no
1923, England, 76, one	1922, England, 77, yes	1932, England, 78, yes
1935, New Zealand, 87, yes	1938, Scotland, 90, one	1935, New ZAealand, 92, one
1937, England, 95, one	1952, Scotland, 100, yes	1955, Ireland, 100, one
1953, Scotland, 123, one	1953, New Zealand, 128, yes	1965, Ireland, 140, yes
1958, Australia, 140, yes	1965, Ireland, 144, one	1979, England, 174, yes
1969, England, 174, yes	1970, South Africa, 179, one	1970/1, Grand Slam Season, 180, yes
1970/1, Grand Slam Season,183 G O Edwards, T M Davies, P Bennett, J P R Williams, I Hall	1974, Scotland, 185, one	1976, England, 186, one
1976, France, 188, no	1975/6, Scotland, 191, yes

 

Biographical Sketches

1881/99

F. E. Hancock	A. J. Gould	J. Hannan	W. J. Bancroft
A. W. Boucher	E. G. Nicholls	G. Ll. Lloyd	G. Boots
W M. Llewellyn	J. J. Hodges	A. Brice

1900/14

W. J. Trew	R. T. Gabe	R. Jones	R. M. Owen
A. F. Harding	D. Jones	W. W. Joseph	E. T. Morgan
G. Travers	H. B. Winfield	C. M. Pritchard	P. F. Bush
J. L. Williams	J. Webb	T. H. Vile	J. P. Jones
I. Morgan	J. Bancroft

1919/29

T. Parker	A. Jenkins	S. Morris	W. J. Delahay
W. Rowe Harding	I. Jones	W. C. Powell	W. G. Thomas
T. Arthur	E. M. Jenkins	A. Skym	J. Bassett
J. C. Morley	F. L. Williams

1930/39

R. W Boon	E. C. Davey	A. R. Ralph	V. G. J. Jenkins
W. Wooller	C. W. Jones	A. M. Rees	J. I. Rees
W H. Tanner	W. T. H. Davies	W. H. Travers

1947/57

W. B. Cleaver	K. J. Jones	J. Matthews	J. R. G. Stephens
B. L. Williams	C. Davies	R. T. Evans	J. A. Gwilliam
W. R. Cale	D. J. Hayward	M. C. Thomas	R. C. C. Thomas
E. R. John	B. L. Jones	W. R. Willis	C. I. Morgan
W. O. G. Williams	T. J. Davies	C. C. Meredith	B. V. Meredith
R. H. Williams	T R. Prosser

1958/68

H. J. Morgan	D. I. E. Bebb	B. Price	A. E. I. Pask
D. C. T Rowlands	B. Thomas	D. Watkins	D. Williams
S. J. Dawes	T G. R. Davies	B. John	W. D. Thomas
J. Taylor	G. O. Edwards	W. D. Morris	M. C. T. Richards
K. S. Jarrett

1969/79

T. M. Davies	J. P. R. Williams	P. Bennett	R. W. Windsor
A. J. Martin	T. J. Cobner	G. Price

D Gareth Evans

UWP 1989/1993

• Back cover introduction
• Contents

Clearly a book of only 320 pages to cover such an extraordinarily convoluted period in Welsh history can do no more than scratch its surface, hence the importance of each chapter's comprehensive Suggested Reading section.

**My copy of this book was deposited with Glamorgan FHS in April 2022 (Gareth Hicks)

---

Back cover

A History of Wales 1815-1906 is the third volume of a trilogy on the history of Wales from 1485 to 1906.
It is the first major textbook on nineteenth-century Welsh history published in recent years.
Dr Evans's work examines the main industrial, social, political and cultural developments of this dynamic era.

"It would be difficult to exaggerate the scale of change in nineteenth-century Wales, and the consequent problems in structuring a book of this sort.
It is a tribute to the author that he has delineated and analysed that change carefully, comprehensively and cogently"  ( Teaching History)

"A clear, comprehensive and thorough account of the period" (Albion)

D Gareth Evans was born in Alltwen, Pontardawe. He studied history at University College, Swansea where he gained his first degree in 1970 and his doctorate in 1978. Currently he holds the post of Principal Lecturer at Trinity College, Carmarthen. He is a fellow of the Royal Historical Society. Dr Evans was one of the contributors to Coleg Dewi a'r Fro and has written on the history of bilingual education in Wales.

---

Contents

To provide a more comprehensive view of the book's contents, each chapter's sub-section headings have been super-imposed onto the main Contents listing

1. Agriculture and People 1815-1850 

• Introduction
• General Features and Trends
• The Early Agricultural Societies
• Landowners and Agriculture
• Landlords and Tenants
• Agricultural Wage-earners
• The Impact of the Railways

2. Industry and Communications 1815-1850 

• Introduction
• The Copper Industry
• The Lead Industry
• The Slate Industry of North Wales
• The Woollen Industry
• The Iron Industry
• The Coal Industry
• Developments in Transport and Communications
• Canals
• The Railways

3. The Social Scene 

• The People's Health
• Patterns of Health
• Causes of the Public Health Problems
• Case Studies

Merthyr Tydfil at Mid Century
Swansea and the Copper Smoke Nuisance
Colera Morbus 1830-1866
Accidents in the South Wales Coalfield, 1870-1906

• Attitudes of the People
• Poverty and the Poor Law
• The Friendly Societies
• Emigration

United States of America
Patagonia
Wales and the Atlantic Economy

• Crime in the Nineteenth Century

Merthyr Tydfil in Mid Century

4. Religion and Society 1815-1851

•  Background
• The Nonconformists
• The Established Church
• The Temperance Movement and the Churches
• Revivals and Revivalism

5. Education Before the Blue Books 

•  The British Schools in Wales
• The Contribution of the National Schools
• The Works' Schools

The Ironworks' Schools
Schools of the Non-Ferrous Industries
Tin-plate Works' Schools
Colliery Schools
The Slate-Quarrying Schools of North Wales

• The Sunday School
• The Blue Books of 1847

6. Popular Protest 1815-1850

• Rural Distress and Resiatance c1790-1830
• The Strike of 1816
• The Scotch Cattle
• The Authorities and the Forces of Order
• The Rebecca Riots
• Chartism

Chartism in Mid Wales
The Newport Insurrection of 1839
Chartism after the Newport Rising

7. Political Developments 1815- 1850

• The Background to Welsh Politics
• Reform, Radicalism and Riot
• The Carmarthen Riots of 1831
• The Merthyr Riots of 1831
• The Events leading to the 1832 Reform Act
• Political Dissenting Societies and the Origins of the Disestablishment Campaign
• Political Reform Societies

Free Trade and the Anti-Corn Law League
Parliamentary Reform and Radical Politics

8. Industry and Communications 1850-1906 

• The Woollen Industry
• The Iron Industry
• The Slate Industry
• Tin-plate Manufacture
• The Steel Industry
• The Coal Industry
• Were the 1890s a Turning Point in the Economic Life of South Wales?
• The Railway System after 1850

9. Agriculture and People 1850-1906 

• General Features and Trends
• Agricultural Societies post 1850
• Landownership after 1850
• Land Tenure and Land Hunger
• Size of Farms
• The Agricultural Labourer
• The Land Question
• The End of the Great Estates
• Agricultural Development in the Nineteenth Century

10. Religion and Society 1851-1906 

• The 1851 'Religious Census' and the Strength of Nonconformity
• The Churches and Cultural Activities
• The Revival of the Established Church
• Revivals and Popular Religion
• Challenges to Organised Religion

11. Education and Society   1850- 1880 

• The British Schools
• Church Schools
• The Works' Schools

The Ironworks' Schools
Copperworks' Schools
Tinworks' Schools
Colliery Schools

• Educational Problems and Government Legislation in the Years 1850-1880
• Sir Hugh Owen and the Development of Intermediate and Higher Education

12. Political Awakening 1850 - 1880

• The System of Parliamentary Representation in 1850
• Health, Wealth and Politics
• Politcal Reform Societies, 1847-1880
• The Liberation Society
• Trade Unions and Politics before 1880
• The 1868 Election

The Merthyr Election of 1868
The Denbighshire 1868 Elections

• The Aftermath of the Election

13. The Welsh Nation 1880 - 1906 

• Industrial and Economic Growth
• Industry, Culture and Language
• Political Changes
• Social Protest and Industrial Conflict

Rural Protest
Unionism, Industrial Conflict and Labour Representation

• The National Revival

Conclusion 

Index 

 

By Theodora Fitzgibbon
Pan Books, London and Sydney, 4th printing 1977.   ISBN 0 330 23624 5.

Here is a list of photographs and recipes in the book compiled by Venita Roylance, February/March 2004

NB. It is possible that some dates and accreditations of photographs in the book itself may be misleading and therefore it is suggested that all such details be independently confirmed with depositories such as Swansea Museum who hold copies of several of them.

• Photographs
• Recipes

 

Photographs

These are in page number order

1. Three men on a dock, possibly at Fishguard, 1906.	3. Post Office, St David's, Pembrokeshire, c. 1870 (thatched house & woman)
5. A miner's stove and hearth, The Triangle, Merthyr Tydfil, Glamorgan, c. 1905	7. Shooting party, Montgomeryshire, c. 1885
9. Butcher's and baker's boys gossiping, Tenby, Pembrokeshire, 1907	11. Panning for gold in the valley of the River Mawddac, Merioneth, 1899
13. Sturdy Welsh ponies (with riders), c 1891	15. Welsh Back, c 1850
17. Narrow-gauge railway, Tan-bwlch, Ffestiniog, Merioneth (built 1836) c. 1875.	19. Ascending Mount Snowdon, Caernarvonshire, by pony and foot, from Llanberis, September 1907.
21. Mrs. Jones selling produce in Old Market Hall, c 1904	23 Tavern friend (young woman in traditional dress), Beaumaris, Anglesey, c 1865
25. Picnic in the Gower Peninsula, 1841	27. The Miners' Arms, Minsterly Fair, Salop, c 1890
29. Llechwedd Slate Quarry, Cardiganshire, c 1900	31. Coracle Fishermen, Cardigan (Aberteifi), c. 1880
33. St. Mary Street, Cardiff, 1891. (Several men standing in front of a building plastered with posters for "A Fine Art Industrial Exhibition")	35. Horse Tram, Newport, Monmouthshire, c 1885. (Painted on the side of the tram: Alexandra Docks & High Street Station)
37. The Blind Fisherman of the Mumbles, aged 55, c 1878.	39. The village band, Tal-y-bont, Cardiganshire, c 1896
41. Shrimping in Gower, Glamorgan, c. 1841	43 Monmouthshire Drag Club at Abergavenny, April 1871
45 Griffiths' Temperance Hotel, Tenby, Pembrokeshire, c. 1900	47. Shearing day at the Havod, Ffermdy, Blaenrhondda, c. 1900
49. Blackberrying, Singleton Park, near Swansea, c. 1843	51. Landore Court, Cardiff, Glamorgan, 1891
53. Fishermen't cottages, the Harbour, Tenby, Pembrokeshire, c 1890	55. Dowlais Iron Company blast furnace, c 1870
57. The Gymnasts, c 1892 ( two girls and a woman dressed in gym clothes)	59. Welsh kitchen with settle or box beds, Rhiwgraidd, Lledrod.
61. Picnic at Oystermouth Castle, Gower, Glamorgan, c. 1841	63. Equestriennes, Llansanffraid, Montgomeryshire c. 1880
65. Woman playing a harp, two men listening, Plas Newydd, Pen y Ffordd, 1900	67. Sian Phillips y mynydd (of the mountain), c 1870
69. A summer outing to Mumbles, Gower Peninsula, Glamorgan, August 1876	71. The vicarage dining-room (two girls), Aberdaron, Caernarvonshire, 1900
73. The Bonfire, Singleton Park, Swansea, Glamorgan, c. 1841	75. Bute Street, Cardiff, 1891 (several people in a crowd)
77. Pen-clawdd, Glamorgan, cockle-beds and cockle-women, c 1850	79. The Horticulturists, Wrexham, Denbighshire, c 1910
81.. Miss Vaughan, Dolgellau, Merioneth, 1855	83. Cardiff Naturalists' outing to Elan Valley Dam, 1902
85. Bathing machines, Tenby beach, Pembrokeshire, 1892	87. Commercial Street, Maesteg, Glamorgan, C. 1900
89. Laverbread curing, Freshwater West, Pembrokeshire, c 1900	91. The Miller and his wife, Edern, c 1900
92. Expenses at the Hendre on the occasion of the Coming of Age of John Maclean Rolls, April 1891 (hand written list)	93. Roasting the ox on the occasion of John Maclean Rolls, of the Hendre, Monmouth, coming of age, April 25th 1891
95. At Tenby Races, Pembrokeshire, 1912	97. Salmon Netting, Teifi Estuary, Cardiganshire, 1881
99. Lord Gordon-Lennox and Glynn Vivian, Singleton Park, Swansea, c 1850	101. Stage coach outside the King's Head, Newport, Monmouthshire, c 1890
103. Welsh drawing-room, Aberdaron, Caernarvonshire, 1900	105. (River) fishing in Wales, c 1862
107. Boiling up the Brewis Kettle, Singleton Park, near Swansea, c 1842	109. Outing to Aberystwyth, c. 1892
111. "The Dip," Newport Bridge, Newport, Monmouthshire, c 1890	113. (Two men) enjoying the 'churchwarden' pipes, Plas Lodwig, Bangor, Caernarvonshire, 1901
115. (Boats at low tide) Evening at Abersoch, Caernarvonshire, 1900	117. The Mari Lwyd, Llangynwyd, Glamorgan, 1905
119. Boys collecting the Calennig, Llangynwyd, Glamorgan, 1904	.

Recipes

These are in page number order

Where there was just a Welsh title given Venita has added in brackets what she thinks the dish is, based on ingredients and directions.
But if anyone knows a more correct translation of the title, please let us know

01. Sgadan Abergwaun [fish casserole]	02. Bara Ceirch - Oatcakes, traditional
05. Teisen Lap - Plate Cake	06. Braised Game Birds
08. Bara Sinsir - Welsh Gingerbread	10. Tatws Rhost - Hot-Pot
12. Pwdin Reis Griffiths - Mrs. Griffiths' Rice Pudding	15. Cregyn Gleision - Mussels Stew
16. Brithyll A Chig Moch - Trout with Bacon	18. Pwdin Eryri - Snowdon Pudding
20. Cawl Llysiau Gardd - Garden Vegetable Soup and Rhubarb and Gooseberry Jam	23. Wyau Sir Fôn - Anglesey Eggs and Apricocke Wine
24. Pasteiod Cennin - Leek Pasties or Turnovers and Gwlybwr Hufen - Cream Salad Dressing	27. Katt Pie - [Lamb Pie]
28. Faggots	30. Eog - Salmon and Saws Eog Teifi - [Salmon stock]
32. Golwythau Cig Davad - Mutton or Lamb Chops and Golwythau Cig oen â Phys - Lamb Chops with Peas	33. Cawl Cymreig - Welsh Soup
36. Teisen Gocos - Cockle Cakes	39. Teisen Fêl - Honey Cake
41. Corgimychiaid - Prawns: Berdys - Shrimps Prawn or Shrimp Paste	42. Gwydd - Goose: Stuffed Roat Goose with Spicy Apple Sauce
44. Torbwt Wedi ie Fôtsio - Poached Turbot with Granville Sauce	47. Cacen Gneifio - Shearing Cake
48. Gwin Mwyar Duon - Blackberry Wine and blackberry Curd	50. Swper Mam - Mother's Supper and Crempog Las - Welsh Omelette
53. Sgadan - Herrings: Potted Herrings and Crempog Geirch - Oatmeal Pancakes	54. Diod Sinsir - Ginger Beer
57. Cig Oel â Mâl - Honeyed Lamb	59. Pice Ar y Maen - Welsh Cakes and Cacs Ffair Llanddarog - Llanddarog Fair Cakes
60. Wystrys - Oysters: Gower Oyster Soup and Selsig Sir Forgannwg - Glamorgan Sausages	63. Pastai Ffowlyn Cymreig - Welsh Chicken Pie
65. Pwdin Efa - Eve's Pudding	66. Teisen Datws - Potato Cakes
68. Poten Bwmpen - Pumpkin Pie	71. Sponge Fingers
73. Cig Eidion Cymreig Wedi ei Frwysio - Welsh Braised Beef	75. Punchnep - [Potatoes with Turnips] and Teisen Nionod - Onion Cake
77. Pastai Gocos - Cockle Pie	78. Caws Pobi - Welsh Rarebit
80. Teisen Galan Ystwyll - Twelfth Night Cake	82. Tarten Gennin - Leek Tart or Flan
85. Scallops and Bacon	86. Cig Moch Wedi ei Ferwi â Saws Persli - Boiled Ham and Parsley Sauce
88. Lawr - Laver	90. Bara Gwenith - Wholemeal bread
92. Spiced Beef	94. Pwdin Caws Pobi Cymreig - Welsh Cheese Pudding
97. Eog Rhost - Roast Salmon	99. Hwyaden Hallt Cymreig - Welsh Salt Duck with Onion Sauce
100. Cig Oen Rhost â Saws Criafol - Roast Saddle of Mutton with Rowanberry Sauce	103. Tafell o Gig Llo Rhost - Roast Fillet of Veal
107. Teisen Blat - Plate Cake	108. Bara Brith - Speckled Bread
111. Pwdin Mymwy - Monmouth Pudding	113. Cyw Iâr - Spatchcock
115. Crempog â Bwyd Môr - Pancakes with Seafood	116. Medd Hen Ffasiwn - Mead
118. Cyflaith - Treacle Toffee	.

Recipes for Some Traditional Welsh Dishes

1959

Bwrdd Nwy Cymru(Wales Gas Board)

 ( Cost -  one shilling)

This is a listing of the names of the recipes in the book. (Gareth Hicks, Sept 2006)   

• Foreward
• Grace before meals
• Recipes & Home Made Wines

---

Foreward

The enthusiastic welcome from all parts of the world which greeted previous editions of "Croeso Cymreig " has encouraged us to produce this further edition with several additional recipes and a section on home-made wines. It is not a collection of traditional Welsh recipes as such but an attempt to answer the many requests we receive for recipes which were popular in Wales during the last century and which can equally well be used and enjoyed today. Time and time again we are asked such questions as " Can you give me a recipe for .... ffest y cybydd .... teisen gri .... cockle pie ? my grandmother used to make it but never put her recipe on paper." Many of these requests come to us from Welsh people overseas and already thousands of copies of previous editions have been sent to all parts of the World - America, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Egypt, Pakistan and countries in Europe. We know of several Welsh Societies overseas who have held Welsh tea parties and suppers using the recipes from this book.

In Wales itself we have found that hoteliers and caterers in particular have welcomed these recipes. They know that foreign visitors to Wales enjoy a good meal all the more when it has a traditional Welsh flavour. As for Welsh housewives they have always been noted for their hospitality and they more than anyone realise the importance of putting these old family recipes on paper to hand them safely on to the next generation. This was also emphasised by the interest which the general public took in the recent Welsh recipe competition organised by the " Western Mail." Some of the winning recipes are included in this edition and we acknowledge with thanks the co-operation and assistance given to us.

Whether it be in the home or the hotel, we hope that this book will further help in keeping a welcome that is indeed a Croeso Cymreig.

 

---

Grace before meals

O Dad, yn deulu dedwydd
Y deuwn, a diolch o'r newydd,
Can's o'th law y daw bob dydd
Ein lluniaeth a'n llawenydd
Amen

 

Benedic Domine nos et haec tua dona quae de tua
largitate accepimus per Christum Dominum nostrum
Amen

 

---

Recipes & Home Made Wines

The Comment column contains details of the main ingredients where there is no English version given in the book

 

Page	Welsh	English	Comment
Recipes
5	Cawl cennin	Leek broth
5	Cawl Haslet	-	Pig's liver
6	Cawl Mamgu	Granny's Broth
6	Cawl Mamgu Tregaron	Tregaron Granny's Broth
7	-	Oyster Soup from Gower
7	Teisen Gocos	Cockle Cakes
7	Pastai Cocos	Cockle Pie
8	Pastai Brenig	Limpet Pie
8	Bara Lawr	Laver Bread
9	Brithyll a Cig Moch	Baked Trout and bacon
10	Swper Scadan	Harrings for Supper
11	-	Teifi Salmon Sauce
11	Ffowlin Cymreig	Welsh Chicken Recipe
12	-	Spiced Beef
12	-	Welsh Lamb Pie
13	-	Veal Stuffing
13	Pastai Brain Bach	Rook Pie
14	-	Katt Pie
14	Ffagod Sir Benfro	Faggots
15	-	Glamorgan Sausages
15	Stwns Rwdan a Iau	-	Liver,onions,swedes,potatoes
16	Pastai Gwningen	Rabbit Pie
16	Ffest y Cybydd	The Miser's Feast
17	Tatws Rhost	Hot Pot
17	-	Welsh Stew
18	Poten Ben Fedi	-	Potatoes,mince,bacon
18/19	Teisen Datws	Potato Cakes
19	Teisen Nionod	Onion Cake
20	-	Leek Pasty
20	-	Potato Cheese Cakes filling
21	Pastai Bwmpen	-	Marrow
21	Poten Bwmpen	-	Marrow
22	Tocyn y Cardi	-	Rolled oats
22	Trollies Blawd Ceirch	-	Oatmeal
22	Caws Pobi	Welsh Rarebit
23	Maidd yr Iar	Egg Whey
23	Maidd Wy	-	Egg
23	Pwdin Reis Dydd Sul	A Sunday Rice Pudding
24	Pwdin Reis Mamgu	-	Mamgu's Rice Pudding
24	Pwdin Watcyn Wynne	-	Chopped suet,eggs,breadcrumbs
25	Pwdin Eryri	Snowdon Pudding
26	-	Trollins
26	Pancosen Fawr	-	Flour,sugar,soda
27	Pwdin Afal /Pwdin Efa	Apple Pudding / Eve's Pudding
27	Crempog Las	An Omlette
28	Ponco	-	Batter
28	Crampoethau	Crumpets
28	Pice'r Pregethwr	Pikelets
29	Crempog Geirch	Oatmeal Pancakes
30	Crempog	Welsh Light Cakes or Pancakes
30	Pancws Llaeth Sur	Sour Milk Pancakes
31/32	Bara Brith	Currant or Speckled Bread
32	-	Old Welsh Gingerbread
33	Bara Carawe	Seed Loaf
33	-	Seed Cake
34	Teisen Sinsir	Ginger Cake
34	-	Cinnamon Cake
35	Teisen Sir Fon	Anglesey Cake
36	Teisen Boeth	Hot Cake
36	Slapan	-	Flour,sugar,dried fruit,butter,eggs
37	Slapan Sir Fon	-
37	Teisen Gri	-	Flour,fat,sugar,egg,currants,milk
38	Cacen Gri	-	Flour,butter,lard,egg,fruit
38/39	Teisen Lap	-	Flour,lard,margerine,sugar,currants
40	Berffro Cakes	A kind of short cake or sugar cake
40/41	Pice ar y Maen	Welsh Cakes
41	Teisen Tincar	Tinker's Cake
41	Dinca Fala	-	Flour,butter,dem sugar,apples
42	Tarten Eirin	Plum Tart
43	Teisen Planc	Plank Pastry
43	Bara Ceirch	Oatcakes
44	Teisen Fel	Honey Cake
45	Cacen Cneifio	Shearing Cake
45	-	Welsh Curd Cakes
46	Teisen Dros-nos	Over-night Cake
46	-	Farmhouse Dripping Cake
47	-	Farmhouse Lard cake
47	-	Cheese Muffins
48	Teisen Reis Greiddell	Rice Girdle Cakes
48	-	Caerphilly Scones
49	Teisen De Hen Famgu	Great-Grandmother's Tea Cake
49	Teisen Cnau a Ffrwythau	Fruit and Nut Cake
50	Teisen Ddu Nadolig	Christmas cake
51	-	A Tasty Salad Dressing
51	-	Apple Ginger
52	-	Gooseberry Mint Jelly
52	Loshin Du	Treacle Toffee
53	Suryn Cyffaith Poeth	-	A sauce to be served with veal
54 Home Made Wines
54	Gwin Mwyar Duon	Blackberry Wine
55	Gwin Dant y Llew	Dandelion Wine
55	Gwin Gwenith neu Win Tatws	Wheat or Potato Wine
56	GwinYsgaw	Elderberry Wine
56	-	Parsnip Wine
57	Gwin Blodyn Ysgaw	Elder Flower Wine
57	-	Parsley Wine
58	-	Rhubarb Wine
58	-	Nettle and Burdock Drink
59	Gwin Danadl Poethion	Nettle Syrup
59	Gwin Llygad y Dydd	Daisy Wine
60	Gwin Briallu	Primrose Wine
60	Gwin Briallu Mair neu Gwin Sawdl y Fuwch	Cowslip Wine
61	Gwin Dail Derw	Oak Leaf Wine
62	Gwin Pwmpen	Pumpkin Wine
62	-	Beetroot Wine
63	Diod Dail	Herb Beer
63	Medd Hen Ffasiwn	Mead
64	Diod Sinsir	Welsh Ginger beer
64	Cwrw Bach	Ale-Strong and Small Beer
65	Gwin Eirin Duon	Damson Port
66	Gwin Afalau	Apple Wine
67/75 Suggested  Menus         (not extracted)

 

Alun Robert James Withey

 Submitted to Swansea University in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

Swansea University

2009

NB. The thesis content itself is not replicated here for reason of copyright

Summary

The history of medicine in Wales is a subject hitherto largely ignored by historians, beyond a spate of works on magic and folklore. As such, little is known about important factors such as the ways in which Welsh people understood and conceptualised illness and their bodies, medical beliefs and the spread of medical information, and also the important question of economics and the ‘medical marketplace’. This thesis provides a ‘missing half’ to Welsh medical history, by highlighting the extent which Wales was both exposed to, and participant in, wider national and international networks of information and trade.

The thesis is arranged thematically into three sections. Section One explores the types and spread of disease in Wales and also contains a detailed quantitative study of parish burial records. Section Two explores the important issue of the spread of medical knowledge into and around Wales, highlighting the growing importance of literacy, language and published medical texts. The final section addresses in detail questions of the sickness experiences of Welsh people and concepts of care, and highlights the often complex domestic and community structures of care and poor relief.

In sum, this work seeks to shed new light on Welsh medical history and stimulate new debates into this neglected area of medical historiography. More broadly, its concentration upon a unique geographical, linguistic and cultural area of the British Isles raises new questions about the potentially diverse individual medical histories of distinct regions, and the often complex relationships between centres and peripheries. It is thus hoped that this thesis will serve as a stimulus for new debates and approaches into rural medical histories in Britain and Europe.

 Contents

•  Acknowledgements v
•  List of Illustrations vi 
• Appendices vii

Introduction 1

Section One: Disease and Mortality in Early Modern Wales

• Chapter One: ‘Fruits of Sin, Forerunners of Dissolution’: Sickness and Disease in Early Modern Wales 18

Section Two: Medical Knowledge in Early Modern Wales

• Chapter Two: The Welsh Body and Popular Medical Culture 50
• Chapter Three: Medicine, Oral and Print Culture 84
• Chapter Four: An Economy of Knowledge: Social Networks and the Spread of Medical Information 116

Section Three: Domestic Sickness and Care in the Welsh Home

• Chapter Five: Care and the Welsh Medical Home 133
• Chapter Six: Sickness Experience and the ‘Sick Role’ 181
• Chapter Seven: Caring for the Sick 210
• Chapter Eight: ‘Neighbourliness’ and the Medical Community 242
• Chapter Nine: Conclusion 270

Bibliography 284

 

This General Description of South Wales --- including population statistics for Brecknockshire, Cardiganshire, Carmarthenshire, Glamorgan, Pembrokeshire, and Radnorshire, with Monmouthshire excluded --- was extracted  by Gareth Hicks with the kind permission of the publishers from the CD of the same title as the main heading. (Archive CD Books)

---

SOUTH WALES.

THIS section of the Principality is bounded on the east by the counties of Monmouth, Hereford, and Salop; on the north by Montgomeryshire; and part of the river Dyvi, separating it from Merionethshire. It forms the most central of the three grand western promontories of South Britain; being separated from those of Devon and Cornwall, on the south-east, by the Bristol Channel ; and from the promontory of Lleyn, in Carnarvonshire, on the north-west, by that part of St. George's Channel called Cardigan Bay. In shape it is somewhat triangular, similar to that of North Wales ; having the land-mere on the east for its base, the sea-coasts of the two channels for its sides, and St. David's head, on the west, for its apex. The length of the land boundary, from the mouth of the Romney, near Cardiff, to the Kerry hills, on the confines of Montgomeryshire, and from thence to the sea, at the mouth of the Dyvi, is estimated at about one hundred and twenty miles; and its marine boundary from thence to St. David's-head, tracing the zig-zag windings of the coast, is about three hundred and fifty miles. Its area has been estimated at 3,860 square miles, or 2,470,400 acres; while other surveys have computed it as comprising 4,235 square miles, or 2,710,400 statute acres.

EARLY HISTORY.

The territory now included under the division ' South Wales,' though with some difference in its boundaries, &c. was anciently denominated Gwent and Dyved---subdivided into Upper and Lower Gwent, Morganwg, Esyllwg, and Seisyllwg or Garth Madryn, The Roman generals having subdued a large proportion of the population of England, first of all directed their forces to the conquest of the Britons, who inhabited South Wales ; but the celebrated Caractacus effectually defied these invaders for nine years before he was finally subdued. South Wales was subsequently invaded by the Saxons, the Normans and others, with various success; but the greatest settlement was made by the Normans ; the country was also a prey to its own intestine divisions for several ages, till the whole Principality came under the dominion of England. Near Cardigan, in the year 1136, the Welch, under the command of the Earl of Chester, obtained a complete victory over the English, who were so panic struck as to allow themselves to be taken prisoners by the women. Near Llandilo-fawr, a small town on the Towy river, was fought the last battle between the forces of Edward I and of Llewelyn, Prince of Wales, which proving decisive against the latter, put a final period to the independency of Wales. In the ancient castle of Cardiff after a cruel confinement of many years, inflicted by his brother Henry I, died Robert, the deposed Duke of Normandy, eldest son of William the Conqueror. At Milford Haven, the Earl of Richmond, afterwards Henry VII, landed on his enterprise against Richard III. In the year 1535 Henry VIII passed an act relative to the counties of Wales generally, and the marches between England and Wales---the particulars of which are given in the account of North Wales.

SOIL and CLIMATE, PRODUCE and MANUFACTURES.

The county of Brecknock is one of the most mountainous of Wales, and the Vann or Brecknock Beacon, is one of the loftiest mountains. The land declines towards the banks of the Wye, where it is tolerably fertile, as it is also in the valleys which are watered by innumerable rills. Although mountainous, provisions are exceedingly good and plentiful all over the county, and from its hills large droves of black cattle are annually sent to all the fairs of the neighbouring counties. Cardiganshire is in high estimation for the growth of barley, of which much is sent to the adjacent counties for seed. The northern and eastern parts of this county are mountainous and barren, yet afford pasture for numerous sheep; in the narrow vales large herds of black cattle are grazed, and much butter and cheese produced. Some of the mountains of Cardigan contain lead and other minerals, but coal and other fuel are scarce. The general surface of Carmarthenshire is hilly; and in the north and east parts the hills rise into mountains. The vales are for the most part narrow---that of Towy is the principal of the level tracks; it abounds in picturesque beauties, which, from the celebrated Grongar Hill, and the site of Dynevor Castle, afford the richest prospects. Barley and oats are the chief crops of this county; its rivers abound with fish; the breed of cattle is here excellent; and butter is made in considerable quantities for exportation. At one period the county was well wooded, but great waste has been made of the timber. Coal and limestone are plentiful in many parts ; and there are mines of lead and iron. The north part of Glamorganshire is very mountainous, barren, and thinly inhabited, its surface serving chiefly for the feeding of cattle and sheep. Various rivers have their rise in this portion, which run south through vales gradually expanding, so as to form a middle district, fit for cultivation, and well clothed with wood, at length terminating in the great level or vale of Glamorgan, a fertile track of corn and pasture land, extending along the sea coast for eight or ten miles inland, and well furnished with mineral treasures of coal, lead, iron and limestone. The soil of Pembrokeshire varies considerably, including the extremes of good and bad, with all the intermediate gradations; its surface is in general hilly, but not mountainous, and rendered fruitful by its numerous streams. The north-east portion is the mountainous track, affording good pasturage to flocks of sheep. This part of the county also abounds in coal, and its coasts with iron-stone. The soil of the northern and western parts of Radnorshire is but indifferent, abounding in rocks and mountains, which are traversed by many sheep. The South and easts parts are more level, and being under some degree of cultivation, produce good corn. The woods and hills throughout this county are celebrated for game. Thus it will be seen that the mineral treasures of South Wales are various and important, and its agricultural produce by no means inconsiderable. In manufactures, perhaps, it does not take an eminent station; the principal seat of the flannel trade is Carmarthen ; and glove making, currying, tanning, and malting, are carried on in several other towns. The CLIMATE of this portion of the Principality is exceedingly various: on some parts of the coast great humidity prevails ; and on the mountains the air is piercing, the valleys being warm and genial. The climate of South Wales, may, upon the whole, be reckoned salubrious.

RIVERS, CANALS and RAILWAYS.

The navigable rivers of South Wales are not numerous: of these the most important is Milford Haven, composed of two rivers called the Cleddau---one of which rises near Fishguard, and runs to Haverfordwest, where it becomes navigable; the other rises in the Pencelli mountains, and, for some space, is the boundary of the counties of Carmarthen and Pembroke. The other rivers are the Dyvi, which rises in Merionethshire ; the Taaff (Little and Great), springing out of the most elevated mountains in this district; the Elai, a tributary stream to the harbour of Penarth ; the celebrated Wye, which rises in Radnorshire ; and the Usk, in Brecknockshire. Over the river Taaff, , not far from Llantrissaint, is the celebrated stone bridge, called' Pont-y-tr-Pridd,' of a single arch, one hundred and forty feet in the span, and thirty-four high it was planned and executed by the untaught genius of a common mason of the name of Edwards, a native of the county of Glamorgan. There are many other smaller rivers, streams and lakes in this part of Wales, of minor importance to commerce, but highly beneficial to husbandry, and imparting beauty to the scenery through which they glide.---The CANALS of South Wales are owing entirely to its productive mines of coal and iron; and within a period of about thirty years, upwards of one hundred and twenty miles of this kind of navigation have been completed. They consist of the Kidwelly and Cremlin canals; the Monmouth, the Brecon and Abergavenny, the Swansea and Neath, the Aberdare, and the Penclawdd and Llanelly---all of great commercial use. The Taaff Vale RAILWAY passes between Cardiff and Merthyr Tydvil, by way of Llandaff, Pentyrch, Taaff's Well, Newbridge Navigation House and Twedyrhiw. There are various rail or train roads connected with the different mines and works in South Wales, but they are not adapted to the accomodation of passengers as the Taaff Vale line is.

ECCLESIASTICAL and CIVIL DIVISIONS and REPRESENTATON

The division of South Wales comprehends the counties of BRECON (or Brecknock), CARDIGAN, CARMARTHEN, GLAMORGAN, PEMBROKE, and RADNOR. BRECON is divided into six hundreds, containing fifty-nine parishes, one county town, and four market towns. Cardigan comprises five hundreds, containing seventy-seven parishes, one county town, and four market towns. Carmarthen contains eight hundreds, having eighty-seven parishes, one county town, and six market towns. Glamorgan includes ten hundreds, containing one hundred and eight parishes, one county town, and eight market towns. Pembroke extends over seven hundreds, containing forty-five parishes, one city (St. David's), one county town, and nine market towns. Radnor comprises six hundreds, containing fifty­two parishes, one county town, and four market towns. The whole are included in the province of Canterbury. The counties of Cardigan, Carmarthen, Glamorgan, and Pembroke, are in the diocess of St. David; Brecon in that of Llandaff; and Radnor, partly in Hereford diocess and partly in St. David's. South Wales is represented by seventeen members, in the imperial parliament; which are thus distributed.---The counties (With the exception of Carmarthen and Glamorgan, which send two), return one member each ; and the boroughs of BRECON, CARDIGAN, CARMARTHEN, CARDIFF, SWANSEA, MERTHYR TYDVIL, PEMBROKE, HAVERFORDWEST, and RADNOR one each. The several places sharing in the election of representatives for the boroughs will be found named in the descriptive account of each town.

POPULATION.

The annual value of Real Property, as assessed in South Wales, in 1815, amounted to £1,219,381., and in 1841, to £1,531,424: at the last named period the value of land was £1,131,780.

COUNTIES.			Males	Females	Total
	1821	1831	1841	1841	1841	Increase from 1831 to 1841
BRECON	43,613	47,763	28,074	27,529	55,603	7,840
CARDIGAN	57,784	64,780	32,215	36,551	68,766	3,986
CARMARTHEN	90,239	100,740	50,676	55,650	106,326	5,586
GLAMORGAN	101,737	126,612	87,869	83,319	171,188	44,576
PEMBROKE	74,009	81,425	40,250	47,794	88,044	6,619
RADNOR	22,459	24,651	12,826	12,530	25,356	705
TOTAL	389,841	445,971	251,910	263,373	515,283	69,312

[People at Work]

By J.D. Lewis in 1987, ISBN 0-86383-367-5.

Indexed by Jill Smith 1999

The book covers all of Wales but places are in Glamorgan unless otherwise indicated.

Click  here for the position with lookups

• People
• Photographers             
• Industry  
• Rural Craftsmen        
• Estates        
• Estate Workers  
• Town & Village workers

 

PEOPLE

AKERS, Edward, 1913, St Fagans, 52/	BEES, John, chemist, 1920s, Llantwit Major, 66/
BRIDGEMAN, Mrs Margaret, 1900s, Llangynwyd, 58	DAVIES, Mrs Jane, 1948, Pant y Neuadd, Parc, Bala, Gwynedd, 60/
DAVIES, Mari, 1948, Pant y Neuadd, Parc, Bala, Gwynedd, 60/	DAVIES, Ned, Kiln Worker, 1910, Ewenni, 18/
DAVIES, Mras Rachel, 1940, Newcastle Emlyn, Dyfed, 50/	DAVIES, Rees, saddler, Lampeter, Dyfed, 65/
DAVIES, William, wheelwright, 1951, Parkmill, Gower, 23/	ELLIOTT, H. & son, butchers, 1910, Taffs Well, 62/
EVANS, Lewis T., gamekeeper,1910, Hafod Elwy, Cyffylliog, Clwyd, 51/	HANCOCKS, deliveries, 1906, Broadway, Cardiff, 67/
HUGHES & sons, Cambrian Stores, 1912, Trawsfynydd, Gwynedd, 64/	HUGHES, Ellis, shepherd, Hafod y Maidd, Glasfryn, Cleyd, 44/
HUGHES, Robert, bailiff, Pentrefoelas, Clwyd, 48/	JENKINS, William, Kiln worker, 1910, Ewenni, 18/
JONES, Evan, Kiln worker, 1910, Ewenni, 18/	JONES, Robert, 1900s, Denbigh, Clwyd, 69/
JONES, Simon, miller, 1890s, Llanuwchllyn, Gwynedd, 15/	JONES, William, fisherman, 1880s, Barmouth, Gwynedd, 25/
LEWIS, Mrs Jane, 1890s, Y Felin Ganol corn mill, Llanrhystud, Dyfed, 16/	LEWIS, Thomas, grocer, 1900s, Pontycymer, 63/
LOCKS, grocers, 1906, Broadway, Cardiff, 67/	MORRIS, James, blacksmith, 1895, Vulcan Arms, Cwmbelan, Powys, 14/
PERKINS, Tom, foxcatcher, 1965, Darren Ddu, Lower Farm, Tredegar, Gwent, 34/	PRICE, Mr, farmer, Gro-Uchaf, Dyffryn Claerwen, Powys, 46/
REES, Mrs Lettice, cocklewoman, Llansaint, Dyfed, 30/	ROBERTS, Richard, waggoner, 1890s, Llanuwchllyn, Gwynedd, 15/
ROBERTS, Robert, 1920s, Llangwm Clywd, 33/	WILLIAMS, Dafydd, cowman, Pentrefoelas, Clwyd, 48/

 

PHOTOGRAPHERS                                          

BENTON, Glasgow, 4/	CLAYTON, W., Iron St, Tredegar, Gwent, 1/2/3/5/6/
EVAN, Frederic, 20/70/73/	MEREDITH, William, 1920s, Bala, 41/
THOMAS, George, 1900s, Llangynwyd, 73/	WIGHT, Miss Margaret, 1900-1960, Hereford, 13/17/19/21/22/27/42/

 

INDUSTRY

LIMESTONE QUARRIERS, 1900s, Faenor Quarry, nr Pontsticill, 9/	MINE HAULIERS, 1900s, Gwent, 7/
MINERS, 1860's, 4/5/6/	MINERS, 1913, Senghenydd, 4/
TINPLATE WORKERS, 1900, Swansea, 10/11/12/	TIP GIRLS, Tredegar Ironworks, 1/2/3/

 

RURAL CRAFTSMEN

BLACKSMITH, 1938, Tenby, Dyfed, 13/	BLACKSMITH, 1895, Vulcan Arms, Cwmbelan, Powys, 14/
BUTTER-MAKING, 1940, Newcastle Emlyn, Dyfed, 50/	CHARCOAL BURNER, 1911, Hartlebury, Worcs, 19/
CLOGMAKER, 1930s, Abergavenny, Gwent, 22/	COCKLEWOMAN, Llansaint, Dyfed, 30/
CORACLEMAN, 1900s, Monmouth, Gwent, 27/	CORACLEMEN, Tywi, nr Carmarthen, Dyfed, 28/
COWMAN, Pentrefoelas, Clwyd, 48/	CUTTING PEAT, 1920s, Cefn Coch, Cwm Tylo, Y Parc, Gwynedd, 41/
FARMER, 1890s, Brecknock, Powys, 38/	FARM LABOURERS, 1910, 36/
FISHERMAN, Barnmouth, Gwynedd, 25/	FISHERMAN, 1971, Taf estuary, Laugharne, Dyfed, 26/
FISHERWOMAN, 1880, Newpoert, Dyfed, 24/	FOXCATCHER, 1965, DAarren Ddu, Lower Farm, Tredegar, Gwent, 34/
HAY HARVESTING, 1800s, Neuadd Fawr Mansion, Llanwnnen, Dyfed, 40/	HEDGE PLEACHING, 1972, Penparc, Cardigan, Dyfed, 37/
KILN WORKERS, 1910, Claypits Pottery, Ewenni, 18/	MILKING, 1912, Bangor Teifi, Llandysul, Dyfed, 49/
MILLER, 1890s, Llanuwchllyn, Gwynedd, 15/	MUSSEL COLLECTORS, 1890s, Conwy estuary, Gwynedd, 31/
MUSSEL FISHERMEN, 1938, Conwy, Gwynedd, 32/	PIG-KILLING DAY, 1900, Maes-car, Powys, 47/
PLOUGHING, 1900s, Hafod Ifan, Ysbyty Ifan, Clwyd, 35/	RABBIT TRAPPER,. 1920s, Llangwym, Clwyd, 33/
REAPER, 1931, Mordefod, Hereford, 42/	SHEARING DAY, Gro-Uchaf, Dyffryn Claerwen, Powys, 46/
SHEEP WASHING, 1900s, Talymaes Farm, Llanbedr, Powys, 45/	SHEPHERD, Hafod y Maidd, Glasfryn, Clwyd, 44/
STONE GATHERING, 1890s, Fron Gabedj Farm, Bangor Teifi, Dyfed, 39/	THATCHER, Welsh border countyr, 17/
THRESHERS, Hafod Ifan, Ysbyty Ifan, Clwyd, 43/	WAGGONER, Llanuwchllyn, Gwynedd, 15/
WHEELWRIGHT, 1951, Parkmill, Gower, 23/	WOODCUTTER, 1900s, Llangynwyd, 20/
WOOD TURNER, 1932, Ffoshelig, Aber-cuch, Dyfed, 21/

 

ESTATES

BODUAN estate, nr Nefyn, 1896, 56/	BUTE estate, vineyard, 1900, 54/
LORD DAVENPORT's estate, 1910, Hafod Elwy, Cyffylliop, Clwyd, 51/	PLAS LLANGOEDMOR estate, 1858, Cardigan, Dyfed, 55/
PLYMOUTH estate, 1913, St Fagans, 52/	TREBERFEDD HOUSE, 1890s, Abergavenny, Gwent, 57/

 

ESTATE WORKERS

ESTATE WORKERS, 1858, Plas Llangoedmor, Cradigan, Dyfed, 55/	FARMER, 1913, St Fagans, 52/
GAMEKEEPER, 1910, Hafod Elwyn, Cyffylliog, Clwyd, 51/	GARDENERS, 1890s, Treberfedd House, Abergavenny, Gwent, 57/
GRAPE HARVESTING, 1900, Swanbridge vineyard, 54/	SERVANTS & ESTATE WORKERS, 1896, Boduan estate, Nefyn, 56/

 

TOWN & VILLAGE WORKERS

BREAD BAKING, 1948, Pant y Neuadd, Parc, Bala, Gwynedd, 60/	BUS DRIVER, 1920s, Corwen, 68/	BUTCHER SHOP, 1910, Taffs Well, 62/
CAMBRIAN STORES, 1912, Trawsfynydd, Gwynedd, 64/	CARRIER, 1900s, Denbigh, Clwyd, 69/	CHEMIST, 1920s, Llantwit Major, 66/
CHIMNEY SWEEP, 1900s, Llan	DELIVERY CART, 1906, Broadway, Cardiff, 67/	GROCER SHOP, 1900s, Pontycymer, 63/
MILKMAN, 1911, 61/	SADDLERY, Lampeter, Dyfed, 65/	WATER CARRYING, 1900s, Llangynwyd, 58/

By Shankland, Thomas[Rev]. From   Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, Session 1904-05.

From this article there are two lists extracted below by Gareth Hicks;

The first is an alphabetical list of names, and the dates of foundation , of the Charity-Schools set up in Wales from 1699 to 1737, as reported in the Periodical   Accounts of Charity Schools, issued by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, with additional extracts from the Minute Books and Correspondence of the Society.

The second is an alphabetical list of Charity and Elementary Schools set up during the same Period, belonging to the same movement, but not recorded in the Periodical Accounts, the Abstracts , or Minutes, of the Society  for Promoting Christian Knowledge. Compiled from the report of the Schools Inquiry Commission, vol xx, 1870.

Abbreviations used in the References to the Various Sources in the following table;

• A=Account of Charity-Schools
• Abs=Abstract of Letter from Letter Books
• M=Minutes of the Society
• S=Sermon annually delivered to Patrons of Charity-Schools, and published, with List of Charity-Schools attached
• L=£

First list

No.	Name and Situation      of School	Number of Schools	Date of Foundation or date of Report	Particular Account of Schools. Extracts etc
1	Abergavenny, Mon	1	1707	Here is about 15L per annum subscribed towards a Charity-School. --- A.1707
2	Abergwilly, Carm	1	1704	Eight boys taught. The School endow'd with 6L p. annum. --- A.1704
3	Amroth, Pem	1	1713	A Charity School. --- A.1713
4	Bangor, Carn	1	1716	10 Children taught. --- A.1717
5	Beaumaris, Ang	1	1716	12 Poor children taught and Cloathed at the expence of a person of honour. --- A.1717
6	Bettws, Abergele, Den	1	1714	A School for 13 children, 10 of which are taught and Cloath'd at the charge of the Vicar, and 3 girls taught and cloath'd at the charge of a gentlewoman. --- A.1715 Moses Williams, 26 April 1715. The Rev Mr Jones Vicar thereof has given 50s. p.ann. for ever for teaching ten poor children to read Welsh. He also finds them books and bestows cloaths upon them at Christmas. Also Madm. Joanna Griffiths pays for the Teaching and cloathing of three poor girls there. --- Abs.3355
7	Bigely, Pem	1	1707	Here is 3L paid yearly to a master for teaching poor Children to read , write and the Church Catechism. --- A.1707
8	Boulston, Pem	1	1707	Here are 19 poor Children taught in a like manner, Some whereof are already Cloath'd and the rest will be cloath'd in a little time. And more poor Children may be taught if their parents will send them to School. These two last Schools, also those at Marloes, Walton-West, Rudbaxton, herein-after-mentioned are set up and maintained by the charity of a neighbouring Gentleman, who as soon as he can find another person willing and fit to teach children to read, write, and the principles of our Holy Religion will also employ him in that work. The Masters of these schools were recommended by some of the most active and zealous Ministers in the County, who also are pleased frequently to visit them and to assist in what is necessary for the good regulation and improvement of them. --- A.1707 A. 1709, adds to the above account :--- Landowrough, Monclochogg, Penally, and Hascard. And further adds :--- Care is taken that the Children of these Schools, and those above-mentioned, come constantly to Church, and bring their Bibles and Common Prayer Books with them and behave themselves reverently there.
9-11	Brecon, Breck	3	Girls,1716 Boys,1718 Boys,1720	14 Girls taught and Cloathed here, erected 1716, by a Subscription of the Gentlewomen of the town, in prospect of a greater number being taught; and the Gentlemen of the place will promote the erecting of another school for Boys. --- A.1717. A School for 20 Boys cloath'd, supported by the subscription of the Gentry of the Town, besides a School for 20 Girls formerly mentioned. S. 1719. A third School for 20 Boys taught by the Charity of a bequest left by a private Gentleman. --- S. 1721
12	Cardiff, Glam	1	1710	Five Hundred Pound lately given for a Charity-School. --- A. 1710
13-14	Carmarthen, Carm W. Evans's School Edmond Meyrick's Endowed School	2	1705 1708	Here are taught 12 poor Children by a private person gratis. --- A. 1707 Here are also divers other poor children taught, for which 22/-. per Ann. is paid by a Reverend Person. The same worthy Gentleman has given two houses here to charitable uses, the one for the School and the School Master, and the other for the use of the Library lately collected, and since set up here for the use of such of the Clergy as it The same worthy Gentleman has given two houses here to charitable uses, the one for the School and the School Master, and the other for the use of the Library lately collected, and since set up here for the use of such of the Clergy as it may be helpful to. --- A. 1709 A School for 21 poor children taught and Cloathed at the sole charge of a worthy Divine. --- A. 1713. Evan Griffiths at Carmarthen 26 Jan 171 1/2. That by order of Mr Meyrick he gives a particular account of the School of which he is Master at Carmarthen where 21 Boys are taught and Cloath'd at Mr Meyrick's charge. --- Abs. 2962
15	Cowbridge, Glam	1	1706	Here are divers poor Children taught at the expence of a private person. --- A. 1706
16	Denbigh, Denb	1	1706	A School for 20 poor Children supported by the Minister and Offertory. --- A.1711 Griffith Jones at Denbigh 2 Sept 1729. That a Charity-School is set up in that Town endow'd with 40L p.ann. for Cloathing and teaching 20 Boys.--- Abs. 10371
17	Dinas, Pem	1	1711	Four Children taught at the charge of the Rector [Mr Laugharne]. --- A. 1711
18	Dolgelley, Mer	1	1720	A School for 25 Boys and 25 Girls supported at the charge of a Lady of London. --- S. 1721
19	Esgair Hir Mines, Card	1	1706	The Governour and Company of the Mine-Adventurers of England allow 20L per annum for a Charity-School for the Children of the miners and workmen belonging to the said Company. The said Company also give 30L yearly to a Minister to read prayers, preach, and catechise the children. --- A. 1706
20-23	Glasbury, Breck and Rad	4	1711	30 Children are taught. --- A. 1711 50 Children taught in several Schools and supplied with Books. --- A, 1714 Humphrey Jordon, 18 March 17 6/7, pays for the Schooling and Books yearly of 57 children in 4 little Schooles in the Counties of Brecknock and Radnor, his parish being in both. --- Abs. 5191
24	Gresford, Denb	1	1710	A Charity-School for 20 poor Children for some years past, 5 of which are paid for by the worthy Minister, and some of the best and ablest Parishioners pay for the rest. --- A. 1710
25	Gyffin, Carn	1	1716	10 poor Children taught here. --- A. 1717
26	Haraldston, Pem	1	1707	Ten poor Children are taught to read, write, and the Cathechism, at the charge of the worthy Minister. --- A. 1709
27	Hascard, Pem	1	1707	A Charity-School. The Master is allowed 5L per Ann. and liberty to teach the Children of others, who are able to pay for their Education. See Boulston. --- A. 1709
28	Haverfordwest, Pem	1	1706	A School for 31 Children, 25 of which are Cloathed, each of them receive 5s. a Quarter for their parents. On the School is settled 34L per Annum, and the interest of 300L for ever. --- A.1710 A Letter from Mr Pember was read March 27 1707, ' that the Charity-School there [which was open'd on 4 December last] was endow'd by a Gentlewoman who died 15 or 16 years ago.  That the Master has a good house and 5L p.ann. Salary, for which he teaches 20 Boys and 12 Girls to read, write, and Cast Accts., and the Girls are taught to Sew and Knitt'. --- M. 27 March 1707
29	Kerry, Mont	1	1715	A School erecting. The house being built and Subscription upwards of 10L per annum. --- A. 1715
30	Lambston, Pem	1	1715	Mr Pember pays for teaching all ye poor children at Lambston.--- Abs 4667, 16 Dec. 1715 A School for all the poor Children here supported at the charge of a Reverend Divine. --- A. 1716
31	Lampeter Velfrey,Pem	1	1717	A School supported by subscription. --- A. 1717
32	Laugharne, Glam [Llanharan ?]	1	1718	A School for 20 Boys. --- A.1718 & 1724
33	Llantwit-Major, Glam	1	1720	A School endowed with 5L per annum for ever. --- S. 1721
34	Laugharne, Carm	1	1708	A Charity-School for 20 poor Boys, kept at the Town-House. Subscriptions 8L per Ann. --- A.1710 Eight Boys sent to Sea. --- A.1713
35	Lawrenny, Pem	1	1725	A School for all the poor Children of the Parish. --- S.1726
36	Llanboidy, Carm	1	1711	9 Children taught at a private expence. --- A.1711
37	Llandilo, Breck	1	1717	Hum. Jorden at Glasbury, Breconshire, 12 April 1718. That at Llandilo in Breconshire 12 Children are taught at the charge of the Minister of the Parish. --- Abs. 5567. See also A.1718
38	Llandovery, Carm	1	1712	A Charity-School. -- A. 1712
39	Llanddowror, Carm	1	1707	A Charity-School. The Master is allowed 5L per Annum, and Liberty to teach the Children of others, who will pay for their Education. --- A. 1709 A School for 20 Children, 7 of whom are cloathed by the interests of 40L left by David Lloyd, a farmer lately deceased. --- A.1713 It is interesting to note here that the Rev Griffith Jones was promoted to the Rectory of Llanddowror by Sir John Philipps in 1716. Clog-y-Fran, an ancient seat of Sir John was close by. It was occupied at this time by Sir John Dalton Esq who became a It is interesting to note here that the Rev Griffith Jones was promoted to the Rectory of Llanddowror by Sir John Philipps in 1716. Clog-y-Fran, an ancient seat of Sir John was close by. It was occupied at this time by Sir John Dalton Esq who became a great supporter of Griffith Jones. This School became in 1731 the first Welsh School in the great Welsh movement initiated by Griffith Jones. Griffith Jones, Landowror, Carmarthensh. 22 Sept 1731...........  He thinks it a proper time to propose a Welsh School at Landowror  for all comers, to learn to read & be supplied with books & taught gratis, desiring of the Society 40 or 50 of the small volume of ye Welsh Bible upon the usual kind terms they favour their members with, and other Books, this would be great charity to our poor. --- Abs. 11373
40	Llandyssul, Card	1	1727	A School for 10 Boys. --- S. 1728
41	Llanfihangel [Ysgeiffiog],Ang	1	1716	12 poor Children are taught. --- A. 1717
42	Llanfihangel, Mont	1	1722	A School for 32 Boys ; 20 of them have  a dinner given to them every School-day, they being from home. --- S. 1722 Endowed by Mrs Edward Vaughan, Llangedwyn. --- Abs. 7075  20 May
43-4	Llanfyllin, Mont	2	1722	Two Schools. 20 Boys and 10 Girls cloathed and taught to work, endowed by a gift of 1200L from a private Gentlewoman from Llangedwyn. --- S. 1722 These schools were endowed by Mrs Vaughan, the widow of Edward Vaughan, of Llwydiarth . --- Abs. 7075  20 May 1722
45	Llangadock, Carm	1	1705	Here is a Charity-School set up by the Bishop, Freeholders, and inhabitants. The subscription is about 30L per annum. --- A. 1706
46	Llangan, Carm	1	1711	4 poor Children taught at the charge of the Minister. ---A.1711
47	Llangeinwen, Ang	1	1714	A School for 16 poor Children set up at Christmas 1714. --- A.1716
48	Llangunnog, Carm	1	1705	The Lord of the Mannor, Freeholders, and inhabitants havevbuilt a School-house on the Wast, and enclosed part thereof , which is to be settled for ever for teaching the poor Children of the Lordship. --- A. 1706 Note;---The Minute Book of this school is preserved in Sir John Williams' Library at Llanstephan. It contains the record of a century.
49	Llangunnog, Mont	1	1712	A School for 12 Children taught and cloathed at the expence of a charitable Gentlewoman in the neighbourhood. --- A. 1712
50	Llanllechid, Carn	1	1716	15 poor Children taught here.--- A. 1717
51	Llanthony, Mon	1	1720	A School for 50 Boys opened Michaelmas 1720 at the charge of a private Gentleman. --- S. 1721
52	Llantilo Bertholeu, Mon	1	1722	A School supported chiefly at the charge of a private Gentleman. --- S. 1723
53-54	Llantrissant, Glam	2	1699	James Harris, Feb 15, 1699. Saith he hath put up two Schools. --- Abs. 33 A Grammar School newly erected wherein are about 20 Boys taught, and the children instructed in the Catechism and examined in the Church on Saturday Evenings, as also on Sunday Evenings, and Prayers are used Morning and Evening in the School. --- A. 1716
55	Llanwonno, Glam	1	1724	That there is a charity-school for 20 boys erecting at Llanwonno near Llantrissant. --- Abs. 7874, 22 May 1724
56	Llanychaer, Pem	1	1707	A Charity-School here, in which are 24 children, whereof 6 are cloath'd. --- A. 1709 There are good Orders in this School, and great hopes of having the number of Children encreased. --- A. 1709 Mr Gambold was the first Master. He was succeeded by Mr Jenkin Breckwell
57	Maenclochog, Pem	1	1708	Here is a School where several poor children are taught. See Boulston. --- A. 1709
58	Maesgwin, Rad	1	1722	A School for 40 Children supported at the charge of a private Gentleman. --- S. 1723
59	Marchwiail, Denb	1	1715	A School for 10 Boys taught at the charge of a private Gent. --- A. 1715 Moses Williams, 26 April 1715, John Hill of Sontley Esq, gives 40s. p. ann. for teaching 10 poor Boys there. --- Abs. 4355
60	Margam, Glam	1	Before 1705	Here are taught 12 children at the expence of a Private Person. --- A. 1709
61	Marloes, Pem	1	1707	Five pounds are yearly paid to a Master here, for teaching the poor Children to read and the Cathecism. --- A. 1707 And six other poor children of this place, ten others from St Brides, are taught in this school, at the Expence of a Gentleman of Society, who also buys books for them. The Minister visits this School and that at Hascard at least once a month. --- A. 1719
62	Marros, Carm	1	1712	A School for all the poor children of the Parish taught at the sole expence of the Lord of the Manour, who both pays the Master, and provides him an habitation. --- A. 1712
63-5	Merthyr Tydvil,  Glam	3	1713-4	3 Schools erected at the charge of the Lord of the Manour. --- A. 1714 Th. Price at Merthyr Tydvil 4 Feb 171 4/5. That the Charity-Schools of Merthyr Tydvil may be inserted in the next Account thus :--- At Merthyr Tydvil, Glamorgansh. 3 Schools --- 2 for Boys and 1 for Girls --- at the expence of one Gent, for the benefit of his poor Tenants. --- Abs 4306 The Gentleman referred to was a Mr Lewis of Hampshire, who subscribed 20L p. annum. --- Abs. 4726, 13 Feb 171 5/6
66	Michel Troy, Mon	1	1717	12 poor Children are taught here at the charge of a Lady of Quality. --- A. 1717
67	Mounton, Pem	1	1705	A Charity-School set up about 5 years since, by a worthy Gentleman of this Parish, who still continues his Liberality. --- A. 1710
68-70	Monmouth, Mon Lady Granvill's School Boy's School Mixed School	3	1706 1708 1708	Here is a school for 24 poor children who learn to read and the Catechism at the expence of a Lady of Quality. They are cathechised in the Church every Wednesday ; and every Friday the children of the other School [which is not a Charity-School] are catechised in the Church. Some of the children of the Charity-School are cloathed. The Dame's Salary is 5L per annum. --- A. 1707 Besides the School formerly mentioned to be set up here by a Lady of Quality, there are two other Charity-Schools, one for Boys only, who are taught to read and write; the other for Boys and Girls who are taught to read by two Mistresses. And in these Besides the School formerly mentioned to be set up here by a Lady of Quality, there are two other Charity-Schools, one for Boys only, who are taught to read and write; the other for Boys and Girls who are taught to read by two Mistresses. And in these Schools are above 60 children taught [besides the Scholars in the Lady's School] to which there is near Forty Pounds per Annum Subscribed; Gowns and Coifs for the Girls; and two of the children are yearly to be put out to honest Trades with the money collected at the monthly Sacrament. All the children come orderly to Church, and are Catechised Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. The schools are visited by the worthy Minister and others very often, to see what progress the children make in learning writing and the Accounts. --- A. 1709 14 Poor Boys have been put out to honest Trades with the offertory. --- A. 1714 Lady Granville, who is said to give 5L p. ann. to a widow, to teach 24 children, who have also Books and Cloaks at her Ladyship's charge. The Girls are said to be taught to sew and knitt. --- M. 13 Feb 170 6/7
71	Narberth, Pem	1	1718	A school --- A. 1718
72	Neath, Glam	1	1706	The Company of Mine-adventurers pay 20L yearly for a Charity-School for the children of the Miners and workmen of the said Company. ---A. 1706 A School for all the poor Children supported by the Lord of the Mannor. --- S. 1721 Sir Humphrey Mackworth was a leading supporter of this School.
73	Pembrey, Carm	1	1712	A School for 24 Children erected Michaelmas 1712. Salary for the Master 6L per ann. About 10 of the poorest of the children have cloaths given them, and their dinner 5 days in the week at a Publick House near the School, at the charge of the Reverend Divine, who has an estate in those parts in conjunction with the principal inhabitants of the Parish, to which the offertory is added, the whole amounting to about 15L per Ann. --- A. 1714
74-6	Pembroke, Pem	3	1710	Here are 3 schools, one in the Parish of St Michael for 18 Children , another in St Mary's Parish for 7 Girls, and a 3rd in St Nicholas for 9 Boys. --- A. 1710
77	Penally, Pem	1	1708	A Charity-School. --- A. 1708
78	Penboyr, Carm	1	1713	A School for 10 Children erected Michaelmas 1713, and a prospect of having as many more taught and cloathed. --- A. 1714
79	Prendergast, Pem	1	1707	Six poor Children are taught to read, write, and the Catechism, partly by some of the Communion money, and partly at the expence of the worthy Minister of the Parish, who visits this School, and those at Rudbaxton, Walton-East, Haraldston-West, at least once a month. --- A. 1709
80	Presteign, Rad	1	1711	A Charity-School intended to be set up here by a Person of Quality. --- A. 1709 A School opened Christmas 1711 for 13 Children who were Cloathed in March following. The number is now increased to 20, and most of them continue to be cloath'd, and Books provided for them.--- A. 1713 Endow'd with 44L per ann. when a lease is expired and 50L is left for the poor of that town. --- A. 1714
81	Puncheston, Pem	1	1710	A School erected at Puncheston, and Mr Gambold is Master..... Opened the 8th Nov 1710. --- Abs 2407  28 Nov 1710
82	Rudbaxton, Pem	1	1707	Four pounds are paid yearly to a Master here for teaching poor children to read, write, and the Catechism, and 20s. more for Books. --- A. 1707
83	Slebech, Pem	1	1715	A School for 6 Boys and 6 Girls cloath'd at the charge of a private Gent. --- A. 1715 The Gentleman referred to was a Mr Barlow. --- Abs 4667  dec 16, 1715
84	St Bride, Pem	1	1708	A gentleman pays for the teaching of 20 poor Children at this place at the School at Marloes; and hath added six others to that School, and provided them all with Books. --- A. 1710
85	St Clears, Carm	1	1708	Sr John Philipps and Mr Pember had joined their interests to promote ye setting up 2 Charity-Schools at Laugharne and St Clears in which they had a prospect of success. --- Abs. 1471  25 Oct 1708
86	St Issel, Pem	1	1712	A Charity-School. John Jones, who had for many years been a faithful Servant in several good families, by his frugality in those services, and some chances in the Lottery, laid up above 300L which after the payment of a few Legacies, he left in trust with the Bishop of St David's for the time being , and several honourable persons in Pembrokeshire, to be applied towards the support of a Charity-School in this his Native place, consisting of an equal number of Boys and Girls. The money after the payment of his other Legacies amounts to near 300L, and is now out on interest till it can be vested in a proper purchase. --- A. 1713
87	Steinton, Pem	1	1727	A School opened 1727, supported by a private Gentleman. --- S. 1730
88	Templeton, Pem	1	1712	A School for 20 Children opened in January 171 1/2. --- A. 1712
89	Tenby, Pem	1	1708	There is a School here as at Boulston. --- A. 1719
90	Towyn, Mer	1	1710	A Charity-School wherein 15 poor Children are taught to read and write. --- 1710
91	Usmaston, Pem	1	1717	A Charity-School. --- A. 1717
92	Walton-East,  Pem	1	1707	There are 4L yearly paid for teaching poor Children to read, write, and the Catechism, and 20s. more for books. See Boulston. --- A. 1709 A Bible is given to each child when he leaves the School. --- A. 1714
93	Walton-West, Pem	1	1707	There are 4L yearly paid for teaching poor Children to read, write, and the Catechism, and 20s. more for Books. --- A. 1707
94	Welshpool, Mont			A School for 12 boys supported by a Subscription of about 26L per annum. --- S. 1718
95	Wrexham. Denb	1	1701	Here are 40 poor Children taught to which the Offertory is apply'd. Also the interest of 20L left by a young Gentlewoman, lately deceased, for teaching 4 poor Children. --- A. 1713 Moses Williams, 26 April 1715. The Rev Mr Price Vicar thereof pays 40s. p ann. for a Schoolhouse, and gives the Master 6L p. ann. and his dyet for teaching all such of his Parishioners as are willing to read and write Welch and repeat their Catechism.......He also finds 'em Books. --- Abs. 4355

 

Second List

No	Name & Situation of School	Founder or Benefactor	Date of Foundation
96	Aber, Carn	John Jones D.D	1719
97	Aberffraw, Ang	Sir Arthur Owen	1735
98	Bangor, Flint	Dorothy Jeffreys	1728
99	Bedwas, Mon	Ann Aldworth	1729
100	Bryneglwys, Denb	Margaret Lloyd	1714
101	Caerleon, Mon	C. Williams	1717
102	Carmarthen, Carm	Sir Thomas Powell	1729
102	Eglwysilan, Glam	Ann Aldworth	1729
104	Holt, Denb	D Jeffreys	1728
105	Llanbadrig, Ang	R Gwynne	1723
106	Llanbedr, Breck	Mary Herbert	1728
107	Llanbrynmair, Mont	M Lloyd	1702
108	Llandilo Fawr, Carm	Mrs Warner	1721
109	Llanerfyl, Mont	Priscilla Foster	1728
110	Llanfairtalhaiarn, Denb	John Jones D.D	1708
111	Llanfihangel Ysternllewern, Mon	Roger Thomas	1719
112	Llangelynin, Carn	John Jones D.D	1719
113	Llangollen, Denb	J David	1731
114	Llanigon, Breck	L Walkins	1714
115	Llanrhaiadr Mochnant, Denb	J Powell	1730
116	Llansadwrn, Carm	Letitia Cornwalis	1731
117	Matherne, Mon	Charles Pratt	1734
118	Meifod, Mont	William Pugh	1714
119	Penmachno, Carn	Roderick Lloyd	1729
120	Pentraeth, Ang	John Jones D.D	1719
121	Rhayadr, Rad	D Morgan	1720
122	Ruabon, Denb	Griffith Hughes	1706
123	Whitford, Flint	Pierce Jones	1711
124	Whitton, Rad	Anna Childs	1703

 

 

By Fay Godwin and Shirley Toulson

Published by Wildwood House, London, 1977

This listing of Contents, Photographs & Maps compiled by Gareth Hicks, Feb 2002

**My copy of this book was deposited with Glamorgan FHS in April 2022

The book has its own index of places and people mentioned in it

Introduction        Contents       Photographs     Maps

Introduction

Copied from the book's rear cover.

"Through the heart of Wales run innumerable centuries-old tracks --- many still traceable and open. They are the Drovers' Roads. For hundreds of years --- from the Middle Ages to the victory of the railways around 1900 --- they were trodden by tens of thousands of cattle, sheep and even geese being driven --- at an average of 2 mph --- to the markets of London. The drovers --- many of them now Welsh folk legends --- avoiding the main roads, walked their flocks through villages, lively market towns, sometimes following Roman and even earlier highways, passing ancient sites and megaliths and through some of the most dramatic landscapes of Wales.

This is a guide book through space and time. It will help the reader find, follow and appreciate some of the best of these old highways. Shirley Toulson re-creates the world of the drovers, its farms, its markets, its inns, its dangers, its economics. Fay Godwin follows her well-known photographs of the Ridgeway with an equally arresting vision of the Welsh landscape through the seasons, and in many moods..................."

Contents

• Prologue
• The Drovers
• Tracing the Drove Routes; the Welsh countryside
• The Drove Routes
• The Way to Wrexham and Shrewsbury
• The Way to Birmingham
• The Way to Hereford
• Epilogue
• The Drovers in England
• Preparation for walking
• Welsh Words
• Bibliography

Photographs

• Not every word of  supporting text has been copied out, some additional text added  [in brackets] to further identify places. Also see Map section
• Photographs listed in the exact order they appear in the book

• Pont Scethin on the old London to Harlech coach road [front cover]
• Drinking fountain at Golden Grove near Llandeilo
• Pont-Scethin [as above]
• Rhydspence Inn [Herefordshire border]
• Derelict farm near Trawsfynydd
• Roman fort near Trawsfynydd
• Old forge at Pumpsaint
• Drove road near Painscastle
• Hedge laying
• Stone walling
• Mr Williams's farm at Pen-twyn
• Disused quarry
• Roman road at Ceriog [Berwyn ]
• Mawddach estuary and Porthmadog
• Llyn Du and standing stones on the Prenteg road
• Paved road, Croesor
• Old Croesor road
• Slate wall, Croesor
• Croesor area
• Slate quarry above Croesor
• Disused slate quarries at Tanygrisiau
• Llyn Cwmorthin and Tanygrisiau
• Quarry above Croesor
• Castle ruin, Dolwyddelan
• Between Penmachno and Ysbyty Ifan
• Ysbyty Ifan road
• Near Trawsfynydd
• Roman fort near Trawsfynydd
• Near Cerrigydrudion
• Offa's Dyke
• Lime Kiln
• Llandanwg church
• Burial chamber at Dyffryn
• Emergency shoeing station & cottage at Llety Loegr [last overnight shelter before going over hills to Bontddu]
• Janet Haigh's stone [nr Pont-Scethin]
• Pont-Scethin
• Llyn Irddyn [nr Pont-Scethin]
• Arthur's Quoit [nr Llety Loegr]
• Marker stone, London to Harlech road
• Above Pont-Fadog
• Pont-Fadog/Pont Scethin
• The pass, Bwlch y Rhiwgyr
• Tal-y-bont to Bontddu path, nr Pont-Fadog
• Scots pines above Pont-Fadog
• Tal-y-bont to Bontddu path, nr Bontddu
• View back from Bwlch y Rhiwgyr towards Pont-Fadog
• Looking towards Cader Idris
• Ruins of Golodd
• Llyn Cwm Bychan [nr Llanbedr] [ #2]
• Llanfachreth [nr Dolgellau]
• Above Llanfachreth
• Owen Glendower's Tump
• Waterfall on Ceiriog Ddu stream
• Remains of old fence on Ceiriog Ddu stream
• On road between Llandrillo and Dyffryn Ceiriog
• Llanidloes Market Hall
• On the Kerry Ridgeway
• Disused quarry nr Bodtalog
• Ruins of old Claerwen Farm [nr Claerwen Reservoir]
• Pen-y-garreg Reservoir
• Dam at Pen-y-garreg reservoir
• Standing stone, Maen-serth above Rhayader [ # 2]
• Strata Florida Abbey
• Standing stones near Cwmyrychen Farm
• Abbeycwmhir
• Disserth church
• Porch carving, Disserth church
• Builth Wells Market [sheep]
• Builth Wells Old Market [building]
• Aberedw Hill
• Flooded grass
• Church door, Rhulen
• Toll House, Pumpsaint
• Five Saints stone, Pumpsaint
• Dolaucothi gold mine
• Twm Sion Catti's cave
• Beehive cairn [nr Cellan]
• Crug Siarls [nr Farmers]
• Pig grazing grounds at Garthynty
• Split megalith south of Cwrt-y-Cadno
• On road from Tregaron to Abergwesyn
• Hollow way, nr Caeo
• Near Cilycwm
• Cilycwm
• King's Head Inn [Llandovery]
• Prospect House [Llandovery]
• The Drovers' Arms, Eppynt Heights
• Cwm Owen Inn
• Church porch, Crickadarn
• Wye ford at Erwood
• Lake Pwll-du
• Painscastle ramparts
• Cider press at Rhydspence Inn
• Builth Wells Market [sheep]

Maps

Names of some places shown on the maps/diagrams are included in the descriptions, there are many others on the maps

• Main diagram/map of drove route areas covered in the book
• Map A; Pentrefelin/Penmorfa/Prenteg/Aberglaslyn/Tan-y-bwlch/Croesor/Tanygrisiau [near Blaenau Ffestiniog]
• Map B; Maentwrog/Llandecwyn/ Pont Islyn/Ffestiniog
• Map C; Cerrigydrudion/Bettws Gwerfil Goch/Gwyddelwern/Llanelidan
• Map D; Ruthin/Llanarmon-yn-lal/Llandegla/Graianrhyd
• Map E; Llandanwg/Dyffryn Ardudwy/Bron-y-foel/Llanbedr/Cwm Nantcol/Pont-Scethin/Bontddu/Pont-Fadog/Dolgellau
• Map F; Llanbedr/Cwm Bychan/Adwy-deg Farm/Cwm Nantcol
• Map G; Llanfachreth/Pont Aber Geirw/Bala road
• Map H; Llandrillo/Cynwyd/Corwen/Llidiart/Llanarmon Dyffryn Ceiriog/Pandy
• Map I; Machynlleth/Aberhosen/Nant y Fyda/Dylife/Staylittle
• Map J; Staylittle/Llanidloes/Llangurig
• Map K; Llandinam/ Little London/Mochdre/Giant's Grave/Dolfor/Kerry Pole
• Map L; Rhayader/Dolhelfa/Pant y dwr/Bwlch-y-sarnau/Abbeycwmhir
• Map M; Llanwrtyd-Wells/Abergwesyn/Beulah
• Map N; Builth Road/Aberedw Hill/Hungry Green/Gilfach/Painscastle
• Map O; Rhulen/Newchurch/Gladestry/Kington
• Map P; Cellan/Blaen-Cothi/Farmers/Cilycwm/Rhandirmwyn/Ty'n-y-cornel/Soar/Dolcoch
• Map Q; Drovers' Arms/Erwood/Cwm Owen

Compiled by Gareth Hicks (Nov 2004)

**My copy of this book was deposited with Glamorgan FHS in April 2022

• Introduction
• Contents
• Photographs and Maps
• Quotations from other sources relating to Welsh drovers

---

Introduction

From the book's dust jacket;

For three centuries, from the growth of London and the other great cities at the end of the sixteenth century until about a hundred years ago, the beef to feed the British town-dweller was brought to him on the hoof.

This was a vast operation and, at its peak, more than 2000 animals were being driven through the streets of London to market every day.

This book tells of the life of the drovers who brought the cattle and the sheep hundreds of miles, often along ancient grassy drove roads, how they lived, what sort of men they were, how they made their money, the kinds of cattle - also sheep, geese, turkeys, pigs and donkeys - that they drove.

---

Contents

• 1. The Beginnings of Droving
• 2. The Scottish and the English Drover
• 3. The Welsh Droving Trade
• 4. The Beasts and Birds they drove
• 5. Shoes and Shoeing
• 6. Turnpikes, Tolls, Tallies and Enclosures
• 7. Finance and Economics of Droving
• 8. Murrain, Cattle Plague and other Afflictions
• 9. Salt and Scurvy
• 10. The Drover, in Ballad, Song and Verse
• 11. Fairs and Markets
• 12. Drove Roads from the Scottish Border
• 13. Drove Roads through Yorkshire
• 14. The Hambleton Drove Road
• 15. Drove Roads from the Welsh Border
• 16. East Anglia and the Drovers
• 17. The Last Stage
• 18. The End of an Epoch
• Appendixes
  • Evidence from Old Milestones, Maps and Road Books on the Approach to London
  • 'Swearing in the Horns', Horn Fairs and Other Ceremonies
  • The Pennine Way

• Bibliography

---

Photographs and Maps

Maps

• Drovers' routes from the Scottish Border
• Drovers' Routes through Yorkshire
• Hambleton Drove Road
• Drovers' Routes from the Welsh Border
• Drovers' Routes through east Anglia to London

List of Plates

• 1. The 'Welsh Road' near Chipping Warden, Northamptonshire (J K St Joseph, Cambridge)
• 2. Cow hooves and iron shoe (Keighley Art Gallery and Museum: photograph C H Jones)
• 3. Misericord in Beverley Minster (photograph J E Wright)
• 4 a,b,c. Drovers' routes into London (from Paterson's British Itinerary, vol 11, 1785)
• 5. The Smithfield Drover (from W H Pyne's The Costume of Great Britain, 1805: Trustees of the British Museum)
• 6. Shoeing an ox in the Dordogne (sketch by Clifford Lees based on a photograph in P Oyler's The Generous Earth)
• 7. The Slaughterman (same source, Trustees of the Brt Museum)
• 8. The dividing of the routes at Alconbury Hill (from M J Armstrong's Great Post-Roads between London and Edinburgh, 1776)
• 9. Routes into London through Highgate (from the same source)
• 10. Bird's-eye view of Smithfield Market (The Guildhall Library)
• 11. Drovers and their flocks in the north of England (from T S Cooper's Thirty-four Subjects of Cattle, 1837: Tstees of the Brt Museum)
• 12. The Hambleton Drove Road near Osmotherley (photograph author)
• 13. Limekiln House (photograph by D B Clayson)
• 14. Newby Head (photograph author)
• 15. Mastiles Lane (photograph D B Clayson)
• 16. The Roman Road from Bainbridge to Ribblehead (photograph D B Clayson)
• 17. Toll House near Gainsborough (photograph author)
• 18. Milestone at Thirsk (photograph P H Wyon)
• 19. 'Swearing on the Horns' at Highgate (Tstees of Brt Museum)
• 20. Cartoon commemorating the moving of the livestock market from Smithfield in 1855 (Tstees of the Brt Museum)
• 21. The Tyburn turnpike (from an old print)
• 22. Highgate Archway (from a print in the possession of Mrs C M Leese)

---

 

Quotations from other sources relating to Welsh drovers

These quotations appear in this book but are from other sources.

Wild Wales. George Borrow, 1862

This relates to Borrow's stay at an inn near Llanfair (Anglesey) when he met Mr Bos, a drover.

He was a man seemingly about forty years of age with a broad red face, with certain somethings looking very much like  incipient carbuncles, here and there upon it. His eyes were grey and looked rather as if they squinted; his mouth was very wide, and when it was opened displayed a set of strong, white, uneven teeth. He was dressed in a pepper-and-salt coat of the Newmarket cut, breeches of corduroy and brown top boots, and had on his head a broad, black, coarse, low-crowned hat. In his left hand he held a heavy whale-bone whip with a brass head.

Borrow describing the market at Wrexham, the Northern Gateway of Wales.

There were some Welsh cattle, small of course, and the purchasers of these seemed to be Englishmen, tall, burly, fellows in general, far exceeding the Welsh in height and size ... Now and then a big fellow made an offer and held out his hand for the little Pictish grazier to give it a slap - a cattle bargain being concluded by a slap of the hand.

Twm o'r Nant (Thomas Edwards, bard

He wrote in 1875 in 'Cerdd Y Celfyddydau' ( Wales and the Drover by P.G Hughes 1943)

The old drover sleeps, his term completed;
Throughout his wasted life he cheated.
His world is now a narrow bed -
Fie ! Let him cheat there instead.

Journal of a Tour through North Wales and Part of Shropshire, 1797 by A Aikin.

This quotation relates to Aikin's journey between Amlwch and Bangor.

it fortunately happened that several herds of black cattle that had been reared in Anglesey were then crossing the strait, on their road to Abergelly fair, where they are bought up by drovers and disposed of at Barnet fair to the farmers in the neighbourhood, who fatten them for the London market. We were much amused with seeing a large herd driven over. They are urged in a body by loud shouting and blows into the water, and as they swim well and fast, usually make their way for the opposite shore. The whole troop proceeds pretty regularly till it arrives within an hundred and fifty yards of the landing place, where, meeting with a very rapid current formed by the tide, eddying and rushing with great violence between the rocks that encroach far into the channel, the herd is thrown into the utmost confusion. Some of the boldest and strongest push directly across and presently reach the land; the more timorous immediately turn round and endeavour to gain the place from which they set off; but the greater part, borne down by the force of the stream, are carried towards Beaumaris bay and frequently float to a great distance before they are able to reach the Caernarvonshire shore. To prevent accidents a number of boats well manned attend, who row after the stragglers to force them to join the main body; and if they are very obstinate, the boatmen throw ropes about their horns, and fairly tow them to the shore, which resounds with the loud bellowing of those that are landed and are shaking their wet sides. Notwithstanding the great number of cattle that annually pass the strait, an instance seldom, if ever, occurs, of any being lost, though they are frequently carried to the very entrance of the Menai in Beaumaris bay.

Rural Economy of Southern Counties, W Marshall, 1798

 Maidstone and Romney Marsh in Kent were important destinations for  Welsh drovers, as Marshall wrote

no district in the Island, perhaps of equal extent and fertility, breeds fewer cattle.... Its entire stock, may, with little licence, be said to be Welch, or of Welch origin; although it is situated at an extreme point of the Island, some hundred miles distant from the source of the breed .... The Welch cattle are mostly brought in, by drovers of Wales, while young; as one, two, or three years old. They are bred in different parts of the principality. But the Heifers, which are brought in for milk, are mostly of the Pembrokeshire mould ... several thousands, of different description, are annually brought into the country. In the month of October, the roads are everywhere full of them; some going to the upland districts, others to the marshes.

 

---

By Giraldus Cambrensis; Everyman reprint 1919 (1st Everyman ed. 1908)

 

The text is that of Sir Richard Colt Hoare who published an English translation from the original Latin, chiefly from the texts of Camden and Wharton in 1806.

**My copy of this book was deposited with Glamorgan FHS in April 2022 (Gareth Hicks)

There follows two extracts from the books' introduction together with a listing of chapter headings for each book

Introduction

Two paragraphs from the Introduction by W Llewelyn Williams;

"Gerald the Welshman---Giraldus Cambrensis---was born, probably in 1147, at Manorbier Castle in the county of Pembroke. His father was a Norman noble, William de Barri, who took his name from the little island of Barry off the coast of Glamorgan. His mother, Angharad, was the daughter of Gerald de Windsor by his wife, the famous Princess Nesta, the ' Helen of Wales', and the daughter of Rhys ap Tewdwr Mawr, the last independent Prince of South Wales.............."

"..........(in the Itinerary and Description of Wales........here he is impartial in his evidence, and judicial in his decisions. If he errs at all it is not through racial prejudice. " I am sprung" he once told the Pope in a letter, " from the Princes of Wales and from the barons of the Marches, and when I see injustice in either race, I hate it."

 

Contents - The Itinerary of Archbishop Baldwin through Wales

 

• First Preface - To Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canturbury
• Second Preface to the Same Prelate
•  
• Book 1
•  
• Journey through Hereford and Radnor
• Journey through Hay and Brecheinia
• Ewyas and Llanthoni
• The Journey by Coed Grono and Abergevenni
• Of the Progress by the Castle of Usk and Caerleon
• Newport and Caerdyf
• The See of Llandaf and Monastery of Margan, and the Remarkable Things in those Parts
• Passage of the Rivers Avon and Neth--and of Abertawe and Goer
• Passage over the Rivers Lochor and Wendraeth; and of Cydweli
• Tywy River--Caermardyn--Monastery of Albelande
• Haverford and Ros
• Penbroch
• Of the Progress by Camros and Niwegal

• Book II
•  
• Of the See of St David's
• Of the Journey by Cemmeis--the Monastery of St Dogmael
• Of the River Teivi--Cardigan--Emelyn
• Of the Journey by Pont Stephen, the Abbey of Sratflur, Landwei Brevi, and Llanpadarn Vawr
• Of the River Devi, and the Land of the Sons of Conan
• Passage of Traeth Mawr and Traeth Bachan, and of Nevyn, Carnarvon, and Bangor
• The Island of Mona
• Passage of the River Conwy in a Boat, and of Dinas Emrys
• Of the Mountains of Eryri
• Of the Passage by Deganwy and Ruthlan, and the See of Lanelwy, and of Coleshulle
• Of the Passage of the River Dee, and of Chester
• Of the Journey by the White Monastery, Oswaldes-tree, Powys and Shrewsbury
• Of the Journey by Wenloch, Brumfeld, the Castle of Ludlow, and Leominster, to Hereford
• A Description of Baldwin, Archbishop of Canterbury

 

Contents--The Description through Wales

 

• First Preface - To Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canturbury
• Second Preface to the Same
•  
• Book I
•  
• Length and Breadth of Wales, the Nature of its Soil, and the Three Remaining Tribes of Britons
• Of the Ancient Division of Wales into Three Parts
• Genealogy of the Princes of Wales
• Cantreds--Royal Palaces--Cathedrals
• Mountains and Rivers of Wales
• Concerning the Pleasantness and Fertility of Wales
• Origin of the Names Cambria and Wales
• Concerning the Nature, Manners, and Dress, the Boldness, Agility, and Courage of this Nation
• Their Sober Supper and Frugality
• Their Hospitality and Liberality
• Concerning the cutting of their Hair, their Care of their Teeth, and Shaving of their Beards
• Their Quickness and Sharpness of Understanding
• Their Symphonies and Songs
• Their Wit and Pleasantry
• Their Boldness and Confidence in Speaking
• Concerning the Soothsayers of this Nation, and Persons as it were possessed
• Their Love of High Birth and Ancient Genealogy
• Their Ancient Faith, Love of Christianity, and Devotion
•  
• Book II
•  
• Concerning the Inconstancy and Instability of this Nation, and their Want of Reverence for Good Faith and Oaths
• Their Living by Plunder, and Disregard of the Bonds of Peace and Friendship
• Their Deficiency in Battle, and Base Dishonourable Flight
• Their Ambitious Seizure of Lands, and Dissensions among Brothers
• Their great Exaction, and Want of Moderation
• Concerning the Crime of Incest, and the Abuse of Churches by Succession and Participation
• Their Sins, and the consequent Loss of Britain and of Troy
• In what Manner this Nation is to be overcome
• In what Manner Wales, when conquered, should be governed
• In what Manner this Nation may resist and revolt

 

By John Retallack. Foreword by H R H The Prince if Wales.
Published (1981) by Frederick Warne (Publishers) Ltd. London. ISBN 0 7232 2746 2.

Indexed by Allen Powell Oct 2000

Click  here for the position with lookups

Abbreviations:-

• Cpl = Corporal; CSM = Company Sergeant-Major: F-M = Field- Marshal;
• Gdsn = Guardsman; L-C = Lance-Corporal; L-Sgt = Lance-Sergeant;
• Lt = Lieutenant; Lt-Col = Lieutenant-Colonel; Lt-Gen = Lieutenant-General;
• Maj-Gen = Major- General; Q-Sgt = Quartermaster Sergeant;
• R S M = Regimental-Sergeant-Major; S-M = Sergeant-Major:

When an individual is mentioned on more than one page, his rank is as given on the first of the pages.

Adair, Sir A, Maj-Gen, 97, 150, (1939 / 45 War)	Alexander, The Earl, F-M, 62, 66, 70, 71, 104, 134, 137, (1939 / 45 War)
Allen, D A N, Lt, 64, (1939 / 45 War)	Arnold, T J L, Gdsn, 81, (1939 / 45 War)
	Baker, A R, R S M, 132, (1939 / 45 War)
Bankier, I P, Lt, 80, (1939 / 45 War)	Barbour, R G, Lt, 72, (1939 / 45 War)
Beckwith-Smith, M B, Lt-Col, 48, (1914 / 18 War)	Bell, W A O J, Lt, 124, (1939 / 45 War)
Bonn, W B L, M, 35, (1914 / 18 War)	Brookes, C, Gdsn, 121, (1939 / 45 War)
Browning, F A M, Lt-Gen, 115, (1939 / 45 War)	Bruce D, Lt, 120, (1939 / 45 War)
Brutton, P F F, Lt, 101, (1939 / 45 War)	Buckland, J C, Lt, 53, (1939 / 45 War)
Burchell, J F R, Lt, 110, (1939 / 45 War)	Burgess, D F, L-C, 124, (1939 / 45 War)
Bushell, A A, M, 87, (1939 / 45 War)	Bye, R, Sgt, V C, 23,24, (1914 / 18 War)
	Carter, P A, Lt, 133, (1939 / 45 War)
Cassavetti, A J S, Cap, 123, (1939 / 45 War)	Chatwin, M G G, Sgt, 136, (1939 / 45 War)
Consett, W L, 87, M, 140, (1939 / 45 War)	Cottom, D G, Lt, 127, (1939 / 45 War)
	Daniel, N M, M, 132,139,140, (1939 / 45 War)
Davies, Emrys, Sgt, 136, (1939 / 45 War)	Davies, I G G, Lt, 144, (1939 / 45 War)
Davies, J H G, Lt, 80, (1939 / 45 War)	Davies-Scourfield, D G, M, 74, 100,155, (1939 / 45 War)
Dene, H, M, 27,28,35,47, (1914 / 18 War) (Between Wars)	De-Rutzen, The Baron J, M, 103,104, (1939 / 45 War)
Devas, G C, Cap, 26, (1914 / 18 War)	Devas, M C, Lt, 117, (1939 / 45 War)
Dimsdale, H C L, M, 68, (1939 / 45 War)	Dudley-Ward, C H, M, 32,43, (1914 / 18 War)
Dyke, F W, L-C, 94, (1939 / 45 War)	Page 1
Egerton, F L, Cap, 102-3, (1939 / 45 War)	Elliot, D P G, Cap, 72, (1939 / 45 War)
Ellis, L F, Cap, 34,37,43,44, (1914 / 18 War)	Essex, J, Sgt, 104, (1939 / 45 War)
Evans,---, Gdsn, 120, (1939 / 45 War)	Evans, T H, Sgt, 69, (1939 / 45 War)
Evans, W D D, M, 94,99,118,131, (1939 / 45 War)
Fass, J E, M, 84, (1939 / 45 War)	Fielding, g, M-Gen, 29, (1914 / 18 War)
Fisher, N T L, M, 130, (1939 / 45 War)	Fogg-Elliot, W T C, Cap, 101,103-4, (1939 / 45 War)
Fowke, G G, M, 91,99, (1939 / 45 War)	Fox-Pitt, W A F L, M-Gen, 162, (1939 / 45 War)
Furness, The Hon Christopher, VC, Lt, 53-54, (1939 / 45 War)
Gibbs, A, Lt, 28, (1914 / 18 War)	Gibson-Watt, J D, M, 69,81,127, (1939 / 45 War)
Glass, A G, Sgt, 144, (1939 / 45 War)	Goff, B P R, Cap, 101-2, 148, (1939 / 45 War)
Goodwin, F, L-Sgt, 81-2, (1939 / 45 War)	Gordon, E, Cpl, 43, (1914 / 18 War)
Gordon, G C D, Cap, 2,20,27,47, (1914 / 18 War) (Between Wars)	Gort, F M, The Viscount, VC, 38, 53, (1914 / 18 War) (1939 / 45 War)
Gowrie, Earl of, (see Hore-Ruthven), 156, (Post War)	Grant, K W, Cap, 73, (1939 / 45 War)
Gresham, J F, Lt-Col, 92, (1939 / 45 War)	Grieg, D, M, 136, (1939 / 45 War)
Gurney, J E, Cap, 52,54-56,100,105,134, (1939 / 45 War)	Gurney, J J, Cap, 127, (1939 / 45 War)
	Hall, S A, Lt, 106, (1939 / 45 War)
Hart, E, L-Sgt, 125, (1939 / 45 War)	Hayley, T B, Lt, 79, (1939 / 45 War)
Harvey - see Hervey
Heber-Percy, C H R, Cap, 56,64,119,151, (1939 / 45 War)	Hervey, A(orH) E, Sgt, 118, (1939 / 45 War), Father of J A Hervey (Family member clarifies entry - "HARVEY, J A, Gdsn " and father  HARVEY A E, Colour Sergeant, the bracketed letter H was his nickname "Harry".  J A Harvey was  was KIA on 2nd October 1944)
Hervey, J A, Gdsn, 118, (1939 / 45 War), son of A(orH) E Hervey,	Hillier, B F,CSM, 82, (1939 / 45 War)
Hodgkinson, R B, M, 141,153, (1939 / 45 War) (Post War)	Hodgson, D E P, Lt-Col, 62, (1939 / 45 War)
Hodgson, L A, L-C, 106, (1939 / 45 War)	Hoffman, J J, Lt, 137, (1939 / 45 War)
Holland, H, Gdsn, 164, (Post War)	Hore-Ruthven, The Hon.A G A, VC, M, 2, (1914 / 18 War),see Gowrie,
Horrocks, Sir B, Lt-Gen, 96, (1939 / 45 War)	Howard, R J S, Lt, 130, (1939 / 45 War)
Hughes, H O, L-C, 100, (1939 / 45 War)	Hughes, W, Gdsn, 24, (1914 / 18 War)
	Insole, G C L, Cap, 13, (1914 / 18 War)
Jerman, J T, Lt,102,124, (1939 / 45 War)	Jones, F D, Sgt, 107, (1939 / 45 War)
Jones, R R, Lt, 24. (1914 / 18 War)
Jones, W, L-Sgt, 44, (1914 / 18 War)	Jones-Mortimer, H M C, M, 57, (1939 / 45 War)
	Kennedy, T, L-C,113, (1939 / 45 War)
Keogh, C J, Gdsn, 81, (1939 / 45 War)	Kitchener, Lord,F-M, 1,2, (1914 / 18 War)
	Leatham, C A LaT, M, 144-5, 158, (1939 / 45 War) (Post War)
Lee, M R, L-Col, 168, (1939 / 45 War)	Leuchars P R, Lt, 92-3,161, (1939 / 45 War) (Post War)
Lewis, J C Windsor, M, 58,98,140,143,145, (1939 / 45 War)	Ling, E M, Lt, 130, (1939 / 45 War)
Llewellyn, Lt, W H R, 53-4, (1939 / 45 War)	Lloyd, ---, Gdsn, 121, (1939 / 45 War)
Lloyd, Sir F, M-Gen, 1,2, (1914 / 18 War)	Lloyd George,Mr, 47, (1914 / 18 War)
Luxmoore-Ball, R E C, L-Col, 36,38,47, (1914 / 18 War)
Maisey, H G, S-M, 55, (1939 / 45 War)	Makins, P V, M, 135, (1939 / 45 War)
Makins, Sir W V, Lt-Col, 52,72, (1939 / 45 War)	Malcolm, A W A, Lt-Col, 155, (Post War)
Malcolm, J W T, Lt-Col, 166, (Post War)	Martin-Smith, J R, M, 79,134, (1939 / 45 War)
McGhan, H J, L-Sgt, 126, (1939 / 45 War)	Mildmay, The Hon A B, Cap, 143, (1939 / 45 War)
Millard, H J, L-Sgt, 133, (1939 / 45 War)	Miller, J M, M, 89,91,94,110,112, (1939 / 45 War)
Montgomery, The Viscount, F-M, 109,115,150, (1939 / 45 War)	Morris, O D, Cap, 73, (1939 / 45 War)
Murray, H, M-Gen, 147,149, (1939 / 45 War)	Murray-Threipland, W, Lt-Col, 2,4,47, (1914 / 18 War)
	Nicholl-Carne, J D S, Lt, 104, (1939 / 45 War)
Noel, A C W, Lt-Col, 156, (Post War)	Ollerhead, ---, L-Sgt, 169, (Post War)
	Perrins, J A D, Cap, 20, (1914 / 18 War)
Pickersgill, N, L-Sgt, 107, (1939 / 45 War)	Pitt-Rivers, M A L F, Cap, 143, (1939 / 45 War)
Potter, T F, Gdsn, 58 (1939 / 45 War)	Powell, Sir R G D, Cap, 90-1, (1939 / 45 War)
Price, P, Sgt, 168, (Post War)	Price, R C R, Lt-Col, 134,136, 147-8, (1939 / 45 War)
Pugh, D F, Lt, 69, (1939 / 45 War)
Rees, N, Sgt, 69, (1939 / 45 War)	Rhys-Williams, G D, Cap, 65-6, (1939 / 45 War)
Roberts, J S, Lt, 130, (1939 / 45 War)	Rodgers, J, Gdsn, 94, (1939 / 45 War)
Roughton, S F, Q-Sgt,133, (1939 / 45 War)
Scudamore, E, Lt, 99,100, (1939 / 45 War)
Seamark, A A, Sgt, 89, (1939 / 45 War)	Shuldham, A F Q, Lt, 109, (1939 / 45 War)
Smart, M E C, Cap, 52, (1939 / 45 War)	Smyth, O N M H, Lt, 68, (1939 / 45 War)
Spencer, J O, M, 87,110,112, (1939 / 45 War)	Stanier, Sir Alexander, Lt-Col, 56, 133, (1939 / 45 War)
Steuart-Fotheringham, P, M (Scots Guard), 95,113,119, (1939 / 45 War)	Stevenson, D J C, Lt, 93, (1939 / 45 War)
Stevenson, W, RSM, 3,47, (1914 / 18 War)	Stevenson, Mrs, (wife of W Stevenson), (1914 / 18 War)
Stewart, A G, Lt, 64,66, (1939 / 45 War)
Thomas,---, Gdsn, 169,170, (Post War)	Thursby-Pelham, M C, Lt-Col, 162, (Post War)
Townsend, F, Sgt, 140, (1939 / 45 War)	Tremblet, F, CSM, 103-4, (1939 / 45 War)
Twining, R C, Cap, 64, (1939 / 45 War)
Upfill-Brown, A A, Lt, 140, (1939 / 45 War)
Wallace, V G, Lt, 99,160, (Post War)	Ward, P J N, Lt-Col, 162, (Post War)
Watkins, G, Gdsn,169, (Post War)	Wavell, Earl, F-M, 62, (1939 / 45 War)
Webb, L A R, L-Sgt, 120, (1939 / 45 War)	Webb-Bowen, N, L-Col,165, (Post War)
Wheatley, A W S, Lt, 143, (1939 / 45 War)	Williams, P R G, L-Col, 169, (Post War)
Williams, W, Gdsn(66),167, (Post War)	Willis, D, M, 105, (1939 / 45 War)
Wrigley, R O, Lt, 107-8, (1939 / 45 War)

A Study in Folk Culture

By Iorwerth C Peate, Honourable Society of Cymrodorion, 1940

Compiled by Gareth Hicks

**My copy of this book was deposited with Glamorgan FHS in April 2022

The full book can now (2012) be viewed on the Internet Archive site

Copies from the book can not be provided, there is a reprint edition available

• Review    
• Contents        
• Illustrations           
• Figures    
• Houses and sites

 

Review Llanerch publishers have reprinted many books of Welsh interest over the years and Iorwerth Peate became the first curator of the Welsh Folk Museum (now the Museum of Welsh Life) at St Ffagans.The early editions of this book have been long out of print and second-hand copies much sought after. Despite its age and the amount of modern research undertaken since, it is still a useful and interesting book. All our Welsh ancestors must have lived in houses as described in this fascinating and well-researched book. Plenty of diagrams, plans, old photographs and a very readable text. There is an index to the houses and sites mentioned as well as a general index and extensive bibliography. Those of you who have been fortunate to have visited St Ffagans will recognise the types of houses described here as there are chapters on the circular house, the long-house, the cottage and stone and half-timbered houses. Some of these houses, my own included, were just as Iorwerth Peate described them right up until a couple of years ago. As I drive around the quiet, lonely, lanes of this part of Carmarthenshire and north Pembrokeshire there are still deserted old cottages, sometimes with remains of thatch under the rotting corrugated roof, abandoned to the elements, and you wonder about the history of the families who once lived there. I can really recommend this book as background material to your own Welsh family history. Mary Jane Stephenson 2000

Contents Preface Contents List of Illustrations Introduction Building Materials The Circular House The Rectangular House; the Long House The rectangular House ; the Cottage The House of the Welsh Laws Some Stone and Half-Timbered Houses Building Construction Epilogue Bibliography Index

 

 

List of Illustrations

These are  in plate order, not alphabetical

Frontispiece. Bryn-mawr, LlanerfyI, Montgomeryshire.	1. Braichmelyn, Dinas Mawddwy, Merionethshire
2. Circular pigsty, Blaen Gwenffrwd, Llanover, Monmouthshire.	3. Circular pigsty, Hendre, Pontypridd, Glamorganshire.
4. Circular pigsty, Penddeucae-fach, Bedlinog, Glamorganshire.	5. Circular pigsty, The Downs, Llantwit Major, Glamorganshire.
6, Interior of circular pigsty, The Downs, Llantwit Major, Glamorganshire.	7. Circular pigsty, Blaen-ddol, Usk Valley, Trecastle, Brecknockshire.
8. Charcoal-burners' hut, Rockley, Stainborough, Yorkshire.	9. Abernodwydd, Llangadfan, Montgomeryshire
10. Farmhouse in the Hautes Alpes.	11. Lan, Llandeilo, Carmarthenshire.
12. Ty'r celyn, Llandeilo, Carmarthenshire.	13. Blaenwaun, Llansadwrn, Carmarthenshire.
14, Cwmeilath, Llansadwrn, Carmarthenshire.	15. Llwyn-rhys, Llanbadarn Odwyn, Cardiganshire.
16. Llwyn-rhys, Llanbadarn Odwyn, Cardiganshire.	17. Nant-y-ffin, Llandeilo, Carmarthenshire.
18. Ty'ndolau, Llangeitho, Cardiganshire.	19. Ty'n-coed uchaf, Blaencaron, Cardiganshire : front.
20. Ty'n-coed uchaf, Blaencaron, Cardiganshire: back.	21. Gwastod, Abermeurig, Cardiganshire.
22. Gwndwn, Pencader, Carmarthenshire.	23. Coedlannau, Pencader, Carmarthenshire.
24. Doorway, Whithen, Pencader, Carmarthenshire	25. Maes-y-bidiau, Abergorlech, Carmarthenshire.
26. Erw Domi, Porth-y-rhyd, Carmarthenshire.	27. Hepste Fawr, Penderyn, Brecknockshire.
28. Hepste Fawr, Penderyn, Brecknockshire.	29. Dinas Isaf, Pen-y-graig, Rhondda, Glamorganshire.
30. Dinas Isaf, Pen-y-graig, Rhondda, Glamorganshire	31. Ciloerwynt, Dyffryn Claerwen, Radnorshire.
32. Cefn-hirfryn, Cynghordy, Carmarthenshire	33. Glan-'rafon, St. Harmon's, Radnorshire.
34. Llannerch-y-cawr, Cwm Elan, Radnorshire.	35. The deserted countryside : a view in the Brecknockshire Beacons upland
36. Cottage, Pont-rhyd-fendigaid, Cardiganshire	37. Pensarn-mynach, Cribyn, Cardiganshire.
38, Great Mains, Llaethdy, Radnorshire.	39. Ffynnon Goy Isaf, Llanychaer, Pembrokeshire
40. Paradise Cottage, Leighton, Welshpool, Montgomeryshire	41. Llain-wen isaf, Llanychaer, Pembrokeshire : front.
42. Llain-wen isaf, Llanychaer, Pembrokeshire: back.	43. Carn-deifog fach, Llanychaer, Pembrokeshire
44. Carn-deifog isaf, Llanychaer, Pembrokeshire : interior, roof.	45. Ty'n-rhosgadfa, Rhosgadfan, Caernarvonshire.
46. Llainfadyn, Rhos-isaf, Caernarvonshire.	47. Cae Rhys, near LlanuwchIlyn, Merionethshire
48. Bryn-mawr, Llanerfyl, Montgomeryshire : front.	49. Cottage, St. Nicholas, Vale of Glamorgan.
50. Gwrhyd Bach, St. David's, Pembrokeshire : recess.	51. Llaethdy, St. David's, Pembrokeshire: interior view.
52. Llaethdy, St. David's, Pembrokeshire : interior view.	53. Hendre Einon, St. David's, Pembrokeshire : exterior
54. Cottage at Selworthy, Somersetshire.	55. Rhydonnen, Gellifor, Denbighshire.
56. Galch Hill, Denbigh.	57. Plas Uchaf, Eglwysegl, Denbighshire
58. Lymore, Montgomery.	59. Penrhos, Montgomeryshire.
60. Trewern, Buttington, Montgomeryshire.	61. Maes-mawr, Caersws, Montgomeryshire.
62. Penarth, near Newtown, Montgomeryshire	63. Talgarth, Trefeglwys, Montgomeryshire.
64. Rhyd-y-carw, Trefeglwys, Montgomeryshire.	65. Cefncloddiau, Llawr-y-glyn, Staylittle district, Montgomeryshire.
66. Timbering of a barn in south Yorkshire.	67. Glan-y-wern, Llandyrnog, Denbighshire.
68. Cruck constructed building, Yale district, Denbighshire.	69. Cruck-constructed cottage, Hawarden, Flintshire.
70. Y Gilfach, Llanfihangel-y-Pennant, Merionethshire.	71. Cruck construction, Lloran Ganol, Llansilin, Montgomeryshire-Denbighshire border
72. Llwyn-rhys, Llanbadarn Odwyn, Cardiganshire	73. Cae Crwn, Glanmorfa, Portmadoc, Caernarvonshire
74. Llainfadyn, Rhos-isaf, Caernarvonshire	75, Porch of a cottage near Waterfall Station on the Snowdon Mountain Railway, Caernarvonshire
76. Painted mural decoration, of early 17th-century type at Brogynin , Penrhyn-coch, Cardiganshire	77. Pitched floor, Plasau Duon, Carno, Montgomeryshire.
78, Pitched floor, Pen-rhiw, Trefeglwys, Montgomeryshire.	79. Tan-yr-ardd, Rhostryfan, Caernarvonshire
80. Pair of interlocking ridge-tiles from Caerphilly, Glamorganshire	81, Wattling of a chimney louvre, Carmarthenshire.
82. Thatched chimney-'pot', Carmarthenshire	83. Rim of clay daub appearing over thatch, Carmarthenshire.
84. Developed wattle-and-daub chimney-pot, Carmarthenshire.	85. Chimney-pot of wooden boards, New Quay, Cardiganshire.
86. 'In-and-out' partitioning from Penyberth, Llyn, Caernarvonshire

Figures

These are in plate order, not alphabetical

1. A simplified geological map of Wales.	2. Plan of circular hut at Parc Dinmor, Penmon, Anglesey
3. Plan of House 1, Caerau, Clynnog, Caernarvonshire.	4. Gaulish huts on the Antonine column.
5. Framework of Stone Age hut, Raisala, Finland.	6. Plan of Abernodwydd, Llangadfan, Montgomeryshire
7. The 'Saxon' house.	8. Lan, Llandeilo, Carmarthenshire: ground plan.
9. Cwmeilath, Llansadwrn, Carmarthenshire ground plan.	10. Blaenwaun, Llansadwrn, Carmarthenshire ground plan.
11. Ty'r celyrt, Llandeilo, Carmarthenshire : ground plan,	12. Esgair, Llansadwrn, Carmarthenshire : ground plan.
13. Nant-y-ffin, Llandeilo, Carmarthenshire : ground plan.	14. Ystradaman, Betws, Carmarthenshire ground plan.
15. Ty'ndolau, Llangeitho, Cardiganshire ground plan.	16. Nannerth Canol, Rhayader, Radnorshire : ground plan.
17. Gwndwn, Pencader, Carmarthenshire : ground plan.	18. Hepste Fawr, Penderyn, Brecknockshire : ground plan.
19. Llannerch-y-cawr, Cwm Elan, Radnorshire ground plan.	20. Ciloerwynt, Dyffryn Claerwen, Radnorshire ground plan.
21. Pant-y-drain, Kerry, Montgomeryshire : ground plan.	22. Map of the Llanychaer (Pembrokeshire) area
23. Pensarn-mynach, Cribyn, Cardiganshire : ground plan.	24. Great Mains, Llaethdy, Radnorshire : ground plan.
25. Llain-wen isaf, Llanychaer, Pembrokeshire: ground plan	26. Llain-wen isaf, Llanychaer, Pembrokeshire : longitudinal section.
27. Llain-wen isaf, Llanychaer, Pembrokeshire : cross-section	28. Carn-deifog isaf, Llanychaer, Pembrokeshire : sketch plan of tyddyn
29. Ty'n-rhosgadfa, Rhosgadfan, Caernarvonshire : ground plan.	30. Bryn-mawr, Llanerfyl, Montgomeryshire : ground plan.
31. Cottage, Rhos-isaf, Caernarvonshire : ground plan.	32. Farmhouse, Strata Florida, Cardiganshire : ground plan.
33. Farmhouse, Strata Florida, Cardiganshire exterior.	34. Farmhouse, Strata Florida, Cardiganshire exterior.
35, Farmhouse, Strata Florida, Cardiganshire interior.	36. Farmhouse, Strata Florida, Cardiganshire interior showing fire-place.
37. Typical ground plan of farmhouse at St. David's, Pembrokeshire.	38. Llaethdy, St. David's, Pembrokeshire : cross-section.
39. Porch and doorway, Llaethdy, St. David's, Pembrokeshire.	40. Round chimney, Llaethdy, St. David's, Pembrokeshire.
41. Llaethdy, St. David's, Pembrokeshire : ground plan.	42. Llaethdy, St. David's, Pembrokeshire: exterior view.
43. Porth-mawr, St. David's, Pembrokeshire: ground plan.	44. Porth-mawr, St. David's, Pembrokeshire: exterior.view.
45. Clegyr Foea, St. David's, Pembrokeshire : exterior view.	46. Rhoson Uchaf, St. David's, Pembrokeshire: exterior view.
47. Rhoson Uchaf, St. David's, Pembrokeshire: front.	48. Trefeiddan, St. David's, Pembrokeshire: exterior view.
49. Trefeiddan, St. David's, Pembrokeshire : detail of front.	50. Trefeiddan, St. David's, Pembrokeshire: doorway.
51. Hendre Einon, St. David's, Pembrokeshire: fireplace.	52. PwIlcaerog, St. David's, Pembrokeshire : exterior.
53. Bachelldre, Churchstoke, Montgomeryshire.	54. Lack, Churchstoke, Montgomeryshire.
55. Cruck at Hafod Ysbyty, Merionethshire.	56. Cruck at Lloran Ganol, Llansilin, Denbighshire.
57. Truss at Plas Ucha, Llangar, Merionethshire.	58. Floor designs, Solva, Pembrokeshire

HOUSES AND SITES

ANGLESEY Bodffordd Gwalchmai Holyhead : Ty-mawr Llanddaniel Llanfair Mathafarn Eithaf : Pant-y-saer Penmon : Parc Dinmor Trefdraeth BRECKNOCKSHIRE Bryn-mawr : Cwm-nant-gam, Llanelly Hill Penderyn : Hepste Fawr CAERNARVONSHIRE Aberconwy : Cymryd Bardsey Island Bethesda : Gerlan Clynnog : Caerau : Penrhiwiau Conway : Derwen-deg Llanberis : Dol-ty-du : Ty'n-y-weirglodd Llaridegai Llanllechid Llanllyfni : Bwlch Mawr Llithfaen Llyn : Penyberth Nefyn Portmadoc : Cae Crwn, Glarimorfa Pwllheli Rhiw : Ty Isaf : Ty Uchaf Rhosgadfan : Ty'n-rhosgadfa Rhostryfan : Llainfadyn : Tan-yr-ardd Snowdon: Waterfall Station Trefriw CARDIGANSHIRE Abermeurig: Gwastod Aberystwyth : Glan-paith Blaencaron : Nantylles : Ty'n-coed uchaf Blaenpennal : Gwarfigyn Cellan Cribyn :Pensarn-mynach Dyffryn Aeron Horeb Llanbadarn Odwyn: Llwyn-rhys Llangeitho : Ty'ndolau Llanwnnen : Gwarcwm Llwyncelyn New Quay Penrhyn-coch : Brogynin Ponterwyd Pont-rhyd-fendigaid Strata Florida Tregaron : Cwm Berwyn Ysgubor-y-coed : Ty'n-pwll CARMARTHENSHIRE Abergorlech : Maes-y-bidiau Betws : Ystradaman Cynghordy: Cefn-hirfryn Cynwyl Gaeo Llandeilo: Cefn-hendre : Cwm Crymlyn : Ffynnon Deilo : Lan : Nant-y-ffin : Ty'r celyn Llandybie Llansadwrn : Blaen-waun : Bwlch-y-gwynt : Cwmeilath : Esgair : Maes-y-rhiw Llanybydder : Rhiwson isaf, Drefach Marros New Inn: Pant-mawr Pant-y-ffynnon : Ynys Llwchwr isaf Pencader: Coedlannau : Gwndwn : Whithen Pendine Porth-y-rhyd : Erw Domi DENBIGHSHIRE Bylchau : Foel Eryr Cerrig-y-drudion Denbigh : Galch Hill Eglwysegl : Plas Uchaf Gellifor : Rhydonnen Llanarmon Dyffryn Ceiriog : Pen-y-bryn Llandyrnog : Glan-y-wern Llanfihangel Glyn Myfyr Llansannan : Cae Du Llansilin : Lloran Ganol : Sycharth Mynydd Hiraethog : Bwlch Du Rhos-llannerch-rugog Ruthin Vale of Clwyd Yale FLINTSHIRE Hawarden Mostyn GLAMORGANSHIRE Bridgend Cowbridge Coychurch Llandow Llanharran : Argoed Edwin Llantrisant Llantrithyd Llantwit Major Penmark Penrice Peterston-super-Ely Pontypridd : Hendre Rhondda : Blaenrhondda : Dinas Isaf, Pen-y-graig St. Athan St. Hilary: Church House St. Nicholas Welsh St. Donats MERIONETHSHIRE Abergynolwyn : Meriafael Bellaf : Nant-llwyn-gwedd Bala : Cefn-ddwysarn : Rhos-y-gwalia Barmouth Cae'r Ceiliog : Wenallt Fawr Corwen: Pen-y-coed uchaf Cwm Cynllwyd Dinas Mawddwy : Braichmelyn Dolgelley Ffestiniog: Hafod Ysbyty Friog, Y Llandrillo Llanfor : Nant-y-clawdd hen Llangar : Plas Ucha Llangelynin Llanuwchllyn : Cae Rhys : Tan-y-castell Llanycil Llan-ym-Mawddwy Llwyngwril Mallwyd Mawddwy Tal-y-1lyn MONMOUTHSHIRE Aberystruth Blackwood Cefn Mabli Coldbrook Llanishen Raglan Rumney MONTGOMERYSHIRE Berriew Caersws : Maes-mawr : Parc-pen-Prys Carno : Plasau Duon Churchstoke : Bachelldre : Lack Cwm Banw: Rhiwfelen Garthbeibio : Bryn Chwilod isaf : Bryn Chwilod uchaf : Llechog, Cwm Twrch : Pennantwrch : Ty'nsietin : Y Wern-fach Kerry: Pant-y-drain Llanbrynmair Llandinam Hall Llandrinio Llandysilio : Trederwen Llanerfyl : Bryn-mawr Llanfyllin Llangadfan : Abernodwydd Llangurig : Dolhelfa Llanidloes : Bryn-du Llansilin,-see also Denbighshire : Lloran Ganol Llanwrin : Mathafarn Llanymynech Llawr-y-glyn : Cefncloddiau Machynlleth Montgomery: Lymore Newtown : Penarth : Ysgafell Pennant Melangell : Ty-ucha, Cwm-1lech Penrhos : Llwyn Pont-dol-goch : Pertheirin Trefeglwys : Ffinnant : Penddol : Pen-rhiw : Pen-y-graig : Rhyd-y-carw : Talgarth Welshpool : Paradise Cottage PEMBROKESHIRE Gateholm Haverfordwest Llanychaer : Carn-deifog isaf : Llain-wen isaf Narberth St. David's : Clegyr Foea : Croftufty : Gwrhyd Bach : Hendre Einon : Llaethdy : Porth-mawr : Pwllcaerog : Rhoson : Trefeiddan : Trefelydr St. Florence St. Issells Solva Trecwn RADNORSHIRE Builth Cwmdeuddwr Cwm Elan : Llannerch-y-cawr Dyffryn Claerwen : Ciloerwynt Knighton Llaethdy : Great Mains Llanbedr Painscastle : Llanbedr Hall Pretseigne Rhayader : Nannerth Canol

Compiled by Gareth Hicks (Nov 2004)

• Introduction
• Contents
• Illustrations and figures
• Quotations

---

Introduction

From the book's dust jacket

London is home to the oldest and largest Welsh community outside Wales.
From the accession of Henry Tudor the numbers of Welsh men and women living in London increased steadily.
Many of the early arrivals were not permanent residents: drovers and weeders were seasonal workers and the top echelons of society divided their time between their estates and their townhouses.
By the mid-eighteenth century London was something of a mecca for Welsh writers and antiquaries.
This was the period that saw the establishment of the Cymmrodorion and the Gwyneddigion and the first meeting of Gorsedd Beirdd Ynys Prydain.

The middle of the nineteenth century saw another surge towards London. This was the age of the dairymen and drapers and the rise of the chapel as a focus for Welsh life in London.
During the Depression there was another massive influx as Welsh shopworkers, industrial workers  and domestic servants sought work in the metropolis, and the flow of Welsh teachers to London became even more noticeable in the 1950s.

Emigration from Wales continues today but on a reduced scale.
It is estimated that some 70,000 Welsh-born now live in London.

This is the human story of the London Welsh, with its focus on the comings and goings of ordinary men and women, their cultural and social life, as well as the contribution of some outstanding individuals.

---

Contents

• 1. Tudor Prelude (W P Griffith)
  • Llundain, lle mae'r holl lendid (London, where all is purity). (Sion Tudor, c 1522-1602)
• 2. From Medieval to Renaissance City (Emrys Jones)
  • I am resolved to spend the rest of my life for the winter and spring quarter in London (Sir John Wynn of Gwydir, 1605)
• 3. The Age of Societies (Emrys Jones)
  • London is the primary point in the geography of the world (W Owen Pughe)
• 4. The Early Nineteenth Century (Emrys Jones)
  • Y Babylon fawr, bechadurus hon (This great sinful Babylon) (John Williams, 1861)
• 5. Victorian Heyday (Emrys Jones)
  • A land flowing with milk and honey (Exodus i.6)
• 6. Flow - and Ebb (Emrys Jones)
  • 'First stop, Paddington'
• 7. The Lord's Song in a Strange Land (Rhidian Griffiths)
  • Something more than the shadow of a home (Welsh National Bazaar Programme, 1912)
• 8. Today and Tomorrow (Jeremy Segrott)
• Conclusion (Emrys Jones)
  • I can speak English, lord, as well as you, For I was train'd up in the English court.
    (Glendower in Henry IV. Pt I, Act III, Scene I)
• Capital Men and Women
  • London Welsh Writers (Hafina Clwyd)
  • Music and the London Welsh (Wyn Thomas)
  • London Welsh doctors and Welsh doctors in London (H T Ivor James and Neil McIntyre)
  • Visual culture among the London Welsh (Peter Lord)
  • Leading Welsh personalities and the London Welsh (David Lewis Jones)

• Places of interest (Emrys Jones)

---

Illustrations and Charts

Illustrations

• 1 The Welsh Bible, 1588
• 2 Thomas Jones the Almanac-maker
• 3 Opening the New River Head
• 4 Statue of Sir Hugh Myddleton
• 5 Smithfield
• 6 Selling strawberries
• 7 Welsh Charity School, Clerkenwell
• 8 Children of the Welsh Charity School, Gray's Inn Road
• 9 Lewis Morris
• 10 Sir Watkin Williams Wynn
• 11 Sir Watkin Lewes
• 12 Owain Myfyr
• 13 Mrs Piozzi (Hester Thrale)
• 14 A Welsh 'gentleman's' journey to London, 1747 ...
• 15 ... followed by his wife
• 16 St David's Day in 1790
• 17 A cow-keeper's shop
• 18 A street milk-seller
• 19 A Welsh dairy
• 20 Jones Brothers, Holloway Road
• 21 Peter Jones, Sloane Square
• 22 Sir Hugh Owen
• 23 Portnall Street, Paddington
• 24 Hyde Park Gardens, Bayswater, Paddington
• 25 Wholesale milk distribution
• 26 Lloyd's Dairy, Clerkenwell
• 27 Gorsedd of the Bards in Kensington Gardens, 1909
• 28 St David's Day dinner, 1914
• 29 London Welsh Centre, Gray's Inn Road
• 30 London Welsh Rugby Football Club, 1970-1
• 31 London Welsh Youth Choir, 1957
• 32 Council of the Cymmrodorion, 1951
• 33 Evolution of Jewin chapel
• 34 Jewin Presbyterian chapel (1961)
• 35 Elfed
• 36 Baptist chapel near Oxford Circus
• 37 The Borough (Y Boro) Congregational chapel, Southwark
• 38 St Benet (Benet Sant) metropolitan church
• 39 Presbyterian chapel, Mile End Road
• 40 Caradog Prichard
• 41 Morfydd Llwyn Owen

Figures

• la Distribution of Welsh in London in 1638
• lb Distribution of Welsh in London in 1695
• 2  Distribution of members of the Cymmrodorion Society, 1762
• 3  Meeting places of the eighteenth-century societies
• 4  The growth of London
• 5  Distribution of Welsh-born, 1851
• 6  Paddington: housing conditions in 1902
• 7  Distribution and origin of Welsh-born in Paddington, 1891
• 8  Distribution of Welsh-born, 1951
• 9  Distribution of Welsh-born, 1991
• 10 Membership of Tabernacl, King's Cross, 1900-76

---

Quotations

1. Welsh girls played a major role in London market gardens doing such tasks as hoeing, weeding and picking - which caused Daniel Evans, a Teifi man, to write;

O na bawn i fel colomen
Ar ben St Paul's ynghanol Llundain;
I gael gweled merched Cymru
Ar eu gliniau'n chwynnu'r gerddi

(I wish I were a dove on St Paul's in London; to see the Welsh girls on their knees weeding the gardens)

2. Anonymous lines relating to the lack of work for young women in rural Cardiganshire;

Mi af i Lundain Glame
Os byddaf byw ac iach
Arhosa i ddim yng Nghymru
I ddori 'nghalon fach

 (I'll go to London come Lamas if I'm alive and well; I won't stay in Wales to break my heart)

3. George Scharfe's London by Peter Jackson, 1987 has an early reference to Welsh milkmaids;

In 1818 milkmen were a rarity; a far more common sight in the London's streets was the ubiquitous milk-maid. A contemporary writer gives a graphic description of the hard life they led;
"The milk is conveyed from the cowhouse in tin pails, which are principally carried by strong, robust Welsh girls, but a considerable number of Irish are also employed for this purpose. These are the same that retail the milk in the streets of the metropolis, and it is amazing to witness the labour and fatigue these females will undergo, and the hilarity and cheerfulness that prevails among them, and which tends, in a surprising manner to lighten their laborious employment ... The weight they are accustomed to carry on their yokes, for example, for a distance of two or three miles is sometimes from 100 to 130 lbs. By mid-day they had returned to the cowkeepers for more milk, after which they were back on the street until six o'clock. For this they were paid nine shillings a week with breakfast thrown in."
The milk-maid often had a regular round of customers, or 'milk walk'. . . Some were itinerants who 'cried their milk' looking for casual buyers. Their cry of 'milk below' became corrupted to 'mio' which some would interpret as 'mi-eau' - half water, a reference to the fact that it was common practice to dilute the milk.

4. Part of a letter written by a preacher called Robert Hughes in 1830 and quoted in Y Ddinas Gadarn : Hanes Eglwys Jewin by Gomer M Roberts in 1974 - another early reference to the milk trade ;

Cynulleidfa o foneddigion ... Ond yr oedd un yn tynnu fy sylw yn fwy na phawb arall - gwr boneddigaidd yr olwg, tua phump a deugain, yn eistedd tu ol i'r cloc, ar ffrynt y gallery. Tybiwn ei fod yn un o'r East India Company; ond fe'm siomwyd yn fawr wrth fynd i'r Cambrian i'r ysgol brynhawn Sul; pwy a welwn yng nghanol y ddinas, a ffedog las ar ei liniau, a'r piser llefrith yn ei law, yn rhoi cnoc ar y drws ac yn gweiddi 'Milk', ond y gwr bonheddig mawr yn ol fy nychymyg i am dano o'r blaen.

(a congregation of gentlemen ... But one drew my attention above all others, a man of gentlemanly appearance, about forty-five, sitting behind the clock in the front of the gallery. I thought he must be one of the East India Company; but I was greatly disappointed as I went to the Cambrian, to the Sunday School; who did I see in the centre of the city, with a blue apron to his knees and a pitcher of milk in his hand, knocking on doors and shouting 'Milk', but, in my imagination, the great gentleman I had seen before.)

5. Life and Labour of the Poor on London, Second Series, Industries III,  by C Booth, 1903.

Throughout the London milk trade generally the proportion of Welsh masters is very large ... Common report and our own observations lead us to suppose that they number considerably more than 50% of the trade ... they alone among the inhabitants of the United Kingdom can make cowkeeping in London pay; or rather perhaps they alone are content to accept the conditions under which the cowkeeper lives and is forced to work in order to make a living. They are for the most part poorly educated; they speak English very imperfectly ... They are thrifty and self-denying, live in rough surroundings, work exceedingly hard for abnormally long hours and with very small return.

  6. Welsh National Bazaar in Aid of the London C M Churches, 1912

The Welsh churches in London have a long and interesting history, and in their growth and development is seen the history of the London Welsh Community. Established originally to provide a religious service in Welsh for many to whom the English language was strange, they have, in the course of the years, not only increased in size and numbers, but have widely extended the field of their activities. They are primarily religious institutions and no estimate is possible of the work done in this one channel, but concurrently with their purely religious functions, the Churches have also done an immense amount of work of a social and national character. They have provided for the young man and young woman coming to London from Wales something more than the shadow of a home, for they furnish a Society which in its standards of life and conduct has much in common with the village life of Wales, thus forming a link with earlier conditions of life which makes it difficult for youth to rush headlong into the dangers rife in large towns. The particular mission of the Welsh Churches in London is, to safeguard the moral character and to deepen the spiritual experience of the hundreds of young people entrusted to their care year after year by the parents of Wales. This trust involving much labour, sacrifice and love willingly rendered has never been betrayed.

  7. The Fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge. A Boorde, 1547.

Said to be the very first published book referring to the Welsh;

I am a gentylman, and come of Brutes blood,
My name is ap Ryce ap Davy ap Flood,
I love our Lady, for I am of hyr kynne,
He that doth not love hyr, I be-shrew his chynne

---

Recipes from Wales

 

By Sian Llewellyn

1972
Celtic Ed.Services Ltd, Swansea

This is a list of the recipes, by name only, compiled by Gareth Hicks (Sept 2006)

**My copy of this book was deposited with Glamorgan FHS in April 2022

Listed in the same order as in the book, English name in left column, Welsh in the right.

 

 

English	Welsh
Cardiganshire Savouries	Tocyn y Cardi
Potato Cakes	Teisennau Tatws
Welsh Rarebit	Caws Wedi Pobi
Gower Oyster Soup	Swp Wystrys Bro Gwyr
Aberayron Broth	Cawl Aberaeron
Granny's Broth	Cawl Mamgu
Leek and Potato Soup	Swp Cennin a Thatws
Leek Broth	Cawl Cennin
Leek Soup	Swp Cennin
Welsh Brown Stew	Potes Cig Eidion
Welsh Broth	Cawl
Baked Cothi Salmon	Eog Cothi o'r Ffwrn
Cockle Cakes	Teisennau Rhython
Cockle Pie	Pastai Rython
Grilled Scallops	Gregyn Cylchog Wedi'u Grilio
Laverbread	Bara Lawr
Teifi Trout and Bacon	Brithyll Teifi a Chig Moch
Faggots	Ffagodau
Glamorgan Sausages	Selsig Morgannwg
Honeyed Welsh Lamb	Oen Cymreig Melog
The Miser's Feast	Gwledd y Cybydd
Welsh Chicken	Cyw Iar Cymreig
Roast Saddle of Welsh Mutton	Llwynau Cig Dafad Rhost
Welsh Lamb Chops	Golwython Oen Cymreig
Currant Bread	Bara Brith
Welsh Gingerbread	Bara Sinsir Cymreig
White Bread	Bara Gwyn
Wholemeal Bread	Bara Gwenith
Aberffraw Cakes	Teisennau Aberffro
Anglesey Cake	Teisen Sir Fon
Anglesey Bakestones	Slapan Sir Fon
Caerphilly Scones	Sgonau Caerffili
Griddle Cake	Teisen Gri
Llanddarog Fair Cakes	Teisennau Ffair Llanddarog
Plate Cake	Teisen Lap
Rice Griddle Cakes	Teisen Reis o'r Radell
Shearing Cake	Cacen Gneifio
Welsh Cakes	Picau ar y Maen
Welsh Soda Cake	Teisen Laeth Enwyn
Welsh Pancakes	Crempog Cymru (Ffrois Cymru)
Snowdonia Pudding	Pwdin Eryri
Monmouth Pudding	Pwdin Mynwy
Watkin Wynne Pudding	Pwdin Watcyn Wynne
Lemon Curd	Ceuled Lemwn
Treacle Toffee	Losin Du (Taffi Triog o'r Cyflaeth)

By Andrew Wilton

This book was published by the Mostyn Art Gallery in 1984 as an essay and catalogue relating to the 'Turner in Wales' Project.

I quote;

 " ...........the project is in many ways the culmination of a series of important exhibitions undertaken by the Gallery which have revealed the wealth of arts and crafts produced in Wales, past and present............"

This page on Genuki is simply a listing of the watercolours and drawings that are actually reproduced in the book
The description title lines (including ?s) are as in the book, with the relevant page number, the entries are in the same order as in the book
(Gareth Hicks June 2008)

**My copy of this book was deposited with Glamorgan FHS in April 2022

 

J M W Turner on wikipedia

Introduction (first paragraph only)

As an inspiration for his art, Wales belongs very much to the first ten years of Turner's career, the decade from 1790, when he first showed a watercolour at the Royal Academy, to 1800 when, having already been elected a very young Associate of that Institution, he was on the threshold of Full Academicianship. He visited Wales five times in eight years: with the except of a brief excursion along  the Dee to Corwen in 1808 he never went there again. He was to draw on these early tours occasionally in later life -  notably for a group of sixteen subjects in the long series of Picturesque Views In England and Wales that he produced in the 1820s and 30s.

But in the great mass of his output from 1800 onwards Welsh subjects are rare, a state of affairs that contrasts startingly with the wealth of Cambrian drawings, watercolours and oil paintings of the 1790s. These are works of a richness and vitality,  a readiness of inspiration and a fecundity of technical invention, that rival those of any other period of his life, and they must count among the most intent of all romantic landscapes............................

 

Front cover; The ruins of Valle Crucis Abbey with Dinas Bran beyond 1794-5	8; Ysgyryd Fawr 1792
8; A bay on a rocky coast, with a man running 1792-3	8; Llanthony Abbey 1794
9; The interior of Tintern Abbey 1794	9; Llanstephan Castle by moonlight, with a kiln in the foreground 1795
9; Briton Ferry, a fisherman's cottage with a boat pulled up under a low cliff 1795-6	9; Llandaff Cathedral, the west front 1795-6
12; North Shore, Tenby, with the Goscar Rock 1795	12; Llandilo Bridge and Dinevor Castle 1796
13; Aberdulais Mill 1796-7	13; Trancept of Ewenny Priory, Glamorganshire 1796-7
16; Llandovery Castle, beside the Tywi 1798	16; Abergavenny Bridge, Monmouthshire, clearing up after a showery day 1798-9
18; Llyn Cwellyn, with Craig Cwm Bychan from the south east 1798	18; Harlech Castle, from Twgwyn ferry, summer's evening twilight 1798-9
19; View towards Snowdon from above Traeth Bach, with Moel Hebog and Aberglaslyn (?) 1798-9	19; Snowdon and Y Garn from above Llyn Nantlle 1799
22; Y Cnicht and Moelwyn Mawr from the slopes of Moel Hebog (?) 1799	22; View across Llanberis Lake towards Snowdon 1799-1800
23; Caernarvon castle, North Wales 1799-1800	23; Pembroke Castle, South Wales, thunder storm approaching 1800-1
26; A bard and other figures, with a crowd of dancers, in a landscape with distant mountains 1799-1800	26; Scene in the Welsh mountains with an army on the march 1799-1800
27; Dolbadern Castle, North Wales 1799-1800	30; Conway Castle c. 1802-3
35; The west front of Tintern Abbey 1792	36; Distant view of Llanthony Abbey from the south 1792
36; A watertfall among rocks 1792	37; Craig y Foel, Radnorshire 1792
37; Study of cottages and a barn with a mountain beyond 1792	37; Sheet of studies; a slight sketch of a tree; a group of cottages; and two compostion sketches 1792
38; Ysgyryd Fawr 1792	38; Landscape with a river and distant mountain 1792-3
39; Composition with a ruined castle on a cliff above a stormy sea 1792-3	39; A rocky shore, with men attempting to rescue a storm-tossed boat 1792-3
39; A bay on a rocky coast, with a man running 1792-3	40; The west front of Tintern Abbey 1793
40; Llanthony Abbey c. 1794	41; Inside of Tintern Abbey, Monmouthshire 1794
41; Llangollen: houses and an arch of the bridge over the Dee 1794	42; A watermill near Llangollen, with Dinas Bran beyond 1794
42; Marford Mill, Denbighshire 1794	43; On the Dee 1794-5
43; Llangollen from the east, with the Dee in the foreground 1794-5	43; Llangollen from the north-east, with Moel-y-Geraint beyond 1794-5
44; The ruins of Valle Crucis Abbey with Dinas Bran beyond 1794-5	44; Marford Mill, Wrexham, Denbighshire 1794-5
46; Smaller South Wales sketchbook 1795	46; St David's Head from the south 1795
47; North Shore, Tenby, with the Goscar Rock 1795	47; Llanddowror Mill 1795-6
48; The entrance to the Great Hall of the Bishop's Palace, St David's 1795-6	48; Cardiff, Canton Bridge, with the Castle beyond 1795-6
49; On the coast near Tenby 1796	49; Newport Castle 1796
50; Rhayader Bridge over the River Wye 1796-7	50; A castle on a hill with a town beyond  ?1797-8
52; Hereford Court sketchbook 1798	53; Dynevor Castle sketchbook 1798
53; North Wales sketchbook 1798	54; View of Caerphilly Castle from the west1798
54; The bend of a river, with a tower on a wooded hill; sunset 1798	55; Usk, Monmouthshire, from the south 1798
55; Drovers with cattle on a road near a town with church and castle  ?1798	55; Llandovery Castle, beside the Tywi 1798
56; The bend of a river (the Wye?) under high cliffs c.1798	56; Pembroke Castle c. 1798
56; A bridge over the Dyfi near Dinas Mawddwy, with Aran Fawddwy beyond (?) 1798	57; Llyn Cwellyn, with Craig Bychan beyond from the south-east 1798
57; Caernarfon Castle, from the east 1798	57; Academical sketchbook 1798
58; Caernarfon Castle 1798	58; The bridge at Pontyypridd, Glamorgan ?1798
59; Dolbadarn Castle 1798-9	59; View on the River Wye(?) 1798-9
60; Cilgerran Castle 1798-9	60; Harlech Castle, from Twgwyn ferry; summer's evening twilight 1798-9
62; Lancashire and North Wales sketchbook 1799	62; Dolbadarn sketchbook 1799-1800
62; The Penrhyn Arms, Port Penrhyn  ?1799	63; In the valley of the Glaslyn near Beddgelert with Dinas Emrys(?)  1799
64; Snowdon from above Beddgelert, with Llyn Gwynant in the distance(?) 1799	64; Traeth Mawr, with Y Cnicht and Moelwyn Mawr(?) 1799
64; The Glaslyn from Traeth Mawr(?) 1799	65; Llyn Nantlle, with Snowdon beyond 1799
65; Nant Ffrancon from above Llanllechyd 1799-1800	65; Distant view of Snowdon; cattle in a river in the foreground 1799-1800
66; Dolbadarn Castle from above the Llanberis Pass 1799-1800	66; Llanberis Lake 1799-1800
67; Llanberis Lake and Dolbadarn Castle 1799-1800	67; Llanberis Lake and Dolbadarn Castle, with Snowdon beyond 1799-1800
67; View of Conwy Castle from the south 1799-1800	68; The gateway of Denbigh Castle; colour study 1799-1800
68; A bard and other figures, with a crowd of dancers, in a landscape with distant mountains 1799-1800	68; A bard playing a harp with other figures in a mountainous landscape with a river and lake in a distant valley 1799-1800
69; Dolbadern Castle, North Wales 1799-1800	70; Studies for Pictures sketchbook c.1799-1802
70; Pembroke Castle, South Wales; thunder storm approaching 1800-1	71; St Donat's Castle, South Wales; Summer evening 1801
71; Conwy Castle 1802

Introduction and commentary by E D Jones. Batsford 1972

Indexed by Gareth Hicks August 2000

**My copy of this book was deposited with Glamorgan FHS in April 2022

It is NOT possible to provide copies of these photographs.

Click  here for the position with lookups

Introduction       Contents

Introduction From the compiler's introduction; ".............'Assembling the material proved to be a fascinating task: and......I have examined thousands of photographs and original plates' The final selection, as a glance through the pictures will show, concentrate especially on the human element. The whole of Wales is representatively covered, but there is a particular emphasis on bygone customes, costumes and activities. The total effect is to recreate in an uncanny way a past which is at the same time recent , and infinitely remote."

Contents The photographs are indexed by their number and by reference to key words and dates appearing in the original notes from the book. They are not listed in alphabetical or any geographical order. The following abbreviations are used for counties; AGY=Anglesey. CAE=Caernarfonshire.CMN=Carmarthenshire. CGN=Cardiganshire. GLA=Glamorgan. FLN=Flintshire. MER=Merioneth. MGY=Montgomeryshire. MON=Monmouthshire. PEM=Pembrokeshire. Click on Chapter headings or just scroll right through. Family life Rural life The seaside The towns Trade, markets and fairs Transport Industry The public services Religion , education and cultural activities Characters Entertainment Some notable occasions

Family life 1.School children at Penlle'rgaer c 1855 2.Playing gypises at Penlle'rgaer c 1855 3.Talbot family of Margam and Llewelyn family of Penlle'rgaer[GLA] in 1855 4.Llewelyn family at Penlle'rgaer in 1855 5.Nevin, CAE ; children with pram and tricycle c 1895 6.Gulston family at Dirleton, CMN c 1870 Rural life 7.Dirleton, CMN ; fisherman and coracle , and women in Welsh costume c 1870 8.Llangynwyd, GLA ; Mari Lwyd c 1908 9.River Tywi ; boat and coracles c 1870 10.Snowden ; group at summit 11.CMN moorland ; peat cutting c 1898 12.Skomer island ; sheep washing c 1870 13.Llanymawddwy, MER ; sheep shearing c 1900 14.A field in MON ; tractor drawing a cultivator c 1912 15.Swansea district ; haymaking c 1855 16.Llanrhystud, CGN ; corn harvest, group on a break 17.Rhandir-mwyn, CMN; horse powered machinery c 1910 18.Llandovery, CMN ; girl on Welsh pony 19.PEM ; women blowing and washing birds' eggs c 1900 20.Skomer Island ; woman fetching water from a well c 1860 21.Vulcan Arms,Cwmbelan, MGY; group including blacksmith  c 1895 22.Hawarden Castle ; servants and implements c 1890 The Seaside 23.Port Dinorwic, Menai Straits ; the slate quay c 1880 24.Barry Dock,GLA ; various ships c 1900 25.Swansea harbour c 1870 26.Tenby, PEM ; beach scene with island rock of St Catherine c 1894 27.Tenby Harbour c 1870-75 28.New Quay, CGN ; ketch unloading  c 1880 29.Portmadoc [Gwynedd] ; ships in harbour c 1880 30.Nevin, CAE ; shipbuilding c 1870 31.Conway Castle ;  adjacent cottages and boats moored c 1800 32.North Wales coast ; paddle steamer from Beaumaris. 33.Bangor ; pier with small sailing boats 34.Threvriw quay; paddle steamer from Conway c 1880 35.Conway ; mussel gatherers c 1890 36.Rhyl ; beach and bathers c 1905 37.Llanasaph, FLN ; Point of Ayr Lifeboat c 1880 38.Rhyl ; west parade c 1905 39.Llandudno; Signor Ferrari and performing birds c 1900 40.Queensferry, River Dee ; old ferry boat c 1900 The Towns 41.Newport, MON ; Tredegar Arms Hotel lounge c 1906 42.Newport, MON ; the Pill Gates with horse drawn trams c 1900 43.Newport ; High Street scene c 1890 44.Newport Bridge ; an accident c 1910 45.Cardiff, Queen Street ; scene c 1895 46.Cardiff, St Mary Street ; scene c 1892 47.Cardiff, Newport Road; horse tram c 1902 48.Cardiff, Roath Park ; lake before being built on c 1896 49.Swansea ; old Island House  before demolition, c 1869 50.Swansea ; Lion Stores and Strand weighbridge c 1870 51.Swansea, High Street ; electric trams c 1900 52.Tenby, PEM ; road to the beach c 1890 53.Haverfordwest ; Salutation Square and Salutation Hotel c 1905 54.Milford Haven, PEM ; Pointz Street Post Office c 1899 55.Pembroke ; High Street and Church Tower c 1900 56.Aberystwyth ; Piccadilly Inn at Antaron or Southgate c 1890 57.Aberystwyth ; Upper Bridge Street and now demolished Town Clock c 1910 58.Llandudno ; farmhouse and fields of Adwy Rydd on Little Orme c 1880 59.Holywell ; bathers in healing waters of Piscina c 1890 60.Mold, FLN ; carts in Upper High Street 1906 Trade, Markets and Fairs 61.New Radnor ; whimberry market c 1910 62.Overton on Dee,FLN ; meat stall in old Market Hall c 1900 63.Maesteg, GLA ; furnishing and ironmongers shop [Howell Davies]c 1910 64.Penmaen-mawr, CAE ; Patrick's Library Bazaar and Photographic Studio c 1870 65.Llanybyther, CMN ; one of four annual fairs, c 1890 66.Llanrhaeadr ym Mochnant  [Powys] ; horse sale c 1890 67.Newtown, MGY ; Fair c 1900 68.Brecon ; draper's apprentices c 1900 Transport 69.Llandaff, near ; tollgate 1884 70.Haverfordwest, Scotchwell ; 4 wheeled carriage at , c 1865 71.Dirleton, CMN ; 4 wheeled carriage c 1870 72.Queensferry bridge ; William Gladstone at opening of , in 1897 73.Penderyn-Hirwaun tramroad , GLA; train carrying limestone c 1870 74.Llanelli ; Andrews Patent horse omnibus with adjustable axles for running on tram lines c 1885 75.Newport, MON ; horse bus running between Alexander Docks and High St Station c 1880 [sign writing   for 'Charles Masters; Leeds House, Commercial St; Cheap Clothing' ] 76.Bargoed, MON ; horse drawn furniture van c 1905 [ signwriting for 'The Gwalia Van-A R Williams-Bargoed'] 77.Aberystwyth ; four horse brake outside Belle Vue Hotel c 1910 78.Hawarden, FLN ; Margaret the carrier and horse/van outside Post Office [wearing the  'Grand Old Man's Inverness coat']c 1890 79.MON ; family on outing in carriage c 1900 80.MON ; two traps, one drawn by a donkey, other by Welsh pony , c 1900 81.Derwydd, CMN ; the Stepney Gulston men-folk admiring  a boneshaker bicycle c 1870 82. Competitor in motor cycle rally 1911 83.Trawsfynydd Station ; a train and railway workers on the Bala-Blaenau Ffestiniog line, now closed, c 1880 84.Llanelli ; the 4 o'clock train from London arriving on last day of century 1900 85.Holywell ; a London and North Western Railway steam lorry , speed 5 mph 86.A L&N.W.R bus from Connah's Quay via Flint and Northrup to Mold c 1910, speed 12 mph 87.Newport, MON; the first motor car arrives there 24 Nov 1896 88.MON ; Hon Charles Rolls and John A A Williams['Brochmael'] prepare to ascend in a midget balloon 1908 89.Rhos on sea ; the first aeroplane to land there 1910 Industry 90.Aberffraw, AGY ; women morax workers c 1890 91.Milford Haven ; loading blocks of ice on board a trawler c 1910 92.Milford Haven ; repairing the 'Fuschia' 1909 93.Abergorky colliery ' women hauliers 1880 94.Cymmer colliery,GLA ; pit head buildings c 1865 95.Aberdare, Bwllfa colliery , GLA; pit head buildings c 1870 96.Tirpentwys, MON ; two miners at coal face 1905 97.Tredegar Iron Works ; working the rolls 1910 98.Clogau, MER ; gold miners c 1895 99.Henryd lead mine, CAE ; group of miners c 1890 100.Llanidloes  [ Powys] woollen factory ; group and machinery c 1880 101.Rhayader ; a tannery [now removed to Museum of Welsh Life], c 1910 102.Penrhyn Slate Quarry ; quarryman drilling on the rock face c 1912 103.Ffestiniog, Llechwedd Slate Quarry ; the smithy c 1893 104.Bangor ; writing slate factory c 1912 105.Portmadoc ; Greaves' Wharf , loading slates c 1890 106.Dinorwic Slate Quarry ; the engine 'Velinheli' c 1905 107.Aberdare, GLA ; children and wives of colliers taking home coal from the tips during a strike, 1910 108.Colliers and children during coal strike of 1911 109.Abersychan ; 3 colliers with 'lifted' coal on a barrow during a strike 1906 110.Protest by colliers during the 1911 strike 111.Swansea ; Bakers' Union members issue posters to masters during rail strike 1911[ a hand barrow has signwriting 'S Palmer'] The Public Services 112.Llanwddyn ; demolition of buildings for lake Vyrnwy reservoir to supply Liverpool, 1881. 113.Holywell ; water supply [well/pump]  showing old men and young  boys carrying pails c 1880 114.Hawarden castle ; Sandycroft Fire Brigade practising, with W Gladstone standing in doorway, 1891 115.Royal Welsh Fusiliers ; group c 1898 116.Caernarvon ; County Gaol staff c 1892 117.Montgomery Gaol; closed in the 80's,  c 1880 118.Lamphey, PEM ; Yeomanry in camp c 1906 Religion, Education and Cultural Activities 119.Llanrwst ; a group of local bards ; Scorpion, Gethin, Prysor, Cowlyd, and Threbor Mai. Includes a billy goat brought by David Jones of the Boot, Llanrwst, c 1880 120.Sarn, CAE ; a Calvinistic Methodist Preaching Assembly in 1910[shows hundreds of people]. 121.Dowlais School ; Lady Charlotte Guest at prize day c 1855 122.Bontnewydd Council School, CAE ; staff and children c 1905 123.Cwm-Ann, Lampeter,CGN ; a sewing class 1894 124.Bontnewydd School, CAE ; housecraft class c 1905 125.Caernarvon ; National Eisteddfod platform, welcome to Prince and Princess of Wales and three daughters 1994 126.Caernarvon, Castle Square ; Archdruid and members of the Gorsedd of Bards at National Eisteddfod 1894 127.John Ceiriog Hughes, the stationmaster and lyric poet playing the harp for John Williams [Eos Mon], shoemaker of Llanerchymedd, and a noted singer,  in 1884. Characters 128.John Dillwyn Llewelyn, photographer, with camera and equipment c 1853 129.The sawyers c 1900 130.The basket maker c 1900 131.John Tuck, the cobbler c 1900 132.Ellis, the pedlar of Llanfair c 1885 133. A Glamorgan chimney sweep c 1910 134.Sion Catrin, sexton of Llanrwst c 1880 135.A Welsh woman at her spinning wheel c 1885 136.Two MGY drovers c 1880 137.Town crier of Llanidloes c 1905 138.Two Aberdare colliers c 1900 139.A tip girl of Dowlais c 1860 140.An old woman and her knitting c 1885 141.A cocklewoman from Llangwm, PEM c 1890 142.Fisherwoman holding salmon caught in seine net at Newport, PEM 1895 143.Murphy, the last man hanged in Caernarvon Gaol, 1910 144.Tenby fisherwomen c 1890 145.The dentist c 1912 Entertainment 146.Llangefni ; Punch and Judy show c 1910 147.Haverfordwest ; the circus comes to town c 1920 148.GLA ; captive aeroplanes at a fair 1912 Some Notable Occasions 149.Swansea ; the Royal Train on the Mumbles Railway on the occasion of the visit of the Prince of Wales 1904 150.Haverfordwest ; Mrs Pankhurst addressing a meeting during Women's Suffrage campaign c 1907 151.Madryn Park, CAE ; tea party to celebrate Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee 1897 152.Caernarvon castle ; Investiture of Edward, Prince of Wales 1911 153.Holyhead ; Queen Victoria boarding the Royal Yacht 'Victoria and Albert' in a wheeled chair on her departure for Ireland from the now demolished Mail Pier 1900 154.Aberystwyth, National Library of Wales ; At Laying the Foundation Stones ceremony, Queen Mary signing Visitors' Book ; with King George V , the Prince of Wales and Princess Mary looking on, 1911.

By P G Hughes, Foyles Welsh Co Ltd, London 1944

Indexed by Gareth Hicks Dec 2001

**My copy of this book was deposited with Glamorgan FHS in April 2022

Click  here for the position with lookups

The names of places are as shown in the book, many of them, particularly on pages 58-61, are there simply because they are listed on a particular drovers' route.

Contents

• The Roast Beef of Old England
• The Drovers
• Links with the Outside World
• Tolls and Tracks

Names       Places/events/sundry

Names

---, Dai Cantwr, 41	---, Dewi Wyn, bard, Eifion, 20
---, Dic Sion Dafydd, drover, Cerrig-y-Druidion, 1689, 35	---, Emrys ap Iwan, 10
---, Gerald the Welshman, 15	---, John, waggoner, Tamworth, 1785, 51
---, Sion Dafydd, bard, C16, 18, 19	---, Wil Gelynen, 20
Bakewell, Robert, agriculturalist, Dishley Farm/Loughborough/Leicestershire, 16	Bint, Jack, drover, 24
Bos, ---, drover, 18, 24, 62	Bulkeley, Thomas, squire, Henblas/Anglesea, 1734, 29
Carlo, the dog, 62	Charles, Thomas [Rev], Bala, 1794, 35
Clough, ---Mr, drover, Llandrillo, 62	Corbet, Edward [Esq], cattle breeder, Ynys y Maengwyn, 15
Craddock, Edmund, mayor, Leicester, 1657, 57	Davies, Evan, drover, Radnorshire, 28
Davies, Robert [Bardd Nantglyn], poet, 45	Eadnell, Richard, London, 1734, 29
Edwards, Lewis, 32	Elis, Wil, drover, Trawsfynydd, 42
Evans, Benjamin, farmer-drover/preacher, Llanuwchlyn/Pembrokeshire, 1769, 32	Evans, Jane, Ty'n y Waun, Cayo, 38
Gruffudd, Huw, blacksmith, Ty'nyffordd/Dolwyddelen, 47	Hopcyn, Lewis, poet, Glamorgan, 1754, 39
Ifan, Richard, drover, Ty'n y Cwm, 31	Johnes, Thomas, landowner, Hafod-Ychtrid/CGN, 15, 16
Jones, Dafydd, drover/hymnist, Caio, 33	Jones, Hugh, drover, Bala, 34
Jones, Mathusalem, drover, Meifod/MGY, 30	Jones, Michael, 32
Jones, Moses and Aeron, sons of Sion, drovers, Ty'n Pistyll/Dolwyddelen, 37	Jones, Robert, drover, Bwlch Bach, 31
Jones, Thomas, drover, Ty Isaf, 34	Jones, Thomas, blacksmith, Llansannan, 47
Jones, Thomas [Rev], Creaton, 1794, 35	Lewis, Thomas, drover, 1734, 29
Lloyd, David, drover, 29	Llwyd, Bleddyn, cattle breeder, Y Gorddinan/Dolwyddelen, 15
Mirehouse, ---Mr, landowner, Castle Martin/PEM, 15, 16	Morus, Edward, drover/bard,Perthi Llwydion/DEN,32
Morus, Huw, bard, 32	Newton, William, vintner, Leicester, 1657, 57
Parry, Hugh, drover, Penmorfa, 34	Pritchard, ---Mrs, 19
Pritchard, ---Vicar, 24, 25	Pugh, William, drover, Meifod/MGY, 30
Roberts, Elis [Elis y Cowper], 26	Roberts, Thomas, drover, Llwyn Cwm, 34
Thomas, John, drover, Bala, 34	Turpin, Dick, highwayman, 42
Williams, Lord Keeper, archbishop of York, 30	Williams, Thomas, drover, Penaidd Wnion Fawr/Llanfachreth parish/MER, 32
Wynne, Elis, Llasynys, 1671-1734, 14	Wynne, Watcyn Williams [Sir], Wynnstay, 29

Places/events/sundry

Aberavon, 59	Aberdare, 41
Abergele Fair, 49, 59	Aberglaslyn Bridge, 60
Abergwesin, 61	Aberystwyth, 59
Abington, 58	Albury Heath/Guildford, 49
Allt Llandeilo, 61	Andover, 49
Anglesea, 11, 13, 14, 49, 59	Ardleigh, 42
Arforde, 58	Ashford/Kent, 49, 62
Aust Passage/Severn, 49, 61	Aylesbury, 48
Bagendon/Gloucestershire, 56	Bala, 60
Banc y Ddafad Ddu, Aberystwyth, 30	Banc yr Eidion Ddu, Llandovery, 30
Bangor, 59	Barnet Fair/Herts, 17, 22, 33, 37, 44, 49, 50, 54, 55, 59, 61
Barnsly/Gloucestershire, 56	Bartholomew Fair/Smithfield, 38, 40, 50
Basingstoke, 49	Bath Drove/Salisbury Plain, 57
Beaumaris, 59	Beconsfield, 59
Belthe, 59	Berkshire, 49
Bethesda, 59	Birmingham. 59
Bishop's Castle, 60	Blackwater/Camberley/Surrey, 49
Blwch Rhis Felen, 60	Bran Valley, 60
Brecknock, 58, 61	Brecon, 61
Brickhill, 49, 59	Bristol, 11, 12, 13, 49, 61
Broadway, 59	Buckingham, 61
Builth, 61	Bullock Road, 61
Bwlch Gwyn, 60	Capel Curig, 59, 60
Cardiff, 11, 12, 59	Cardigan/Cattle fair/pigs, 11, 13
Carmarthen, 44, 58, 59, 60	Carnarvon, 14, 49, 58
Castle Bromwich, 61	Castle Cary, 49
Castle Martin/cattle, 13	Cefn Arthur, 60
Cerrig y Drudion, 60	Chesford Bridge(R.Avon), 55
Chester, 48, 58	Chesterfield, 59
Chipping Norton, 59	Church Stretton, 60
Cicester, 58	Cil-y-cwm, 60
Clyro Mountain, 61	Colbroke, 58
Colchester/Essex, 17, 42	Coleford, 59
Coleshill, 49	Colesyl, 58
Conway, 58	Corwen, 60
Cotswolds, 56	Coventry, 49, 58
Crugybar chapel, 33	Cubington, 61
Cwm Eithin, 36, 47	Cynwil Cayo, 60
Daventry, 22, 49	Denbigh, 58, 59
Denbighshire, 29	Deyntry, 58
Dolgelly, 60	Dorchester, 58
Down Country, 56	Droitwich Salt Way, 55
Drovers' Arms, Ruthyn/Knutsford/Maenclochog/Ludlow/Guildford, 44	Drovers' Arms/Pen-y-Gefn-ffordd, 61
Dunstable, 59	East Grinstead, 49
East Ilsley fair, 56	Efail Newydd, 60
Epping, Essex, 17	Epynt Range, 61
Erwood, 61	Essex, 13, 17, 42, 55
Euston, 59	Evesham, 59
Farnborough/Hants, 56	Farnham/Surrey, fair, 17
Farrington, 58	Flint, 13
Flynte, 58	Forest of Dean, 56
George in the Tree, drovers' inn, 61	Gillingham Fair, 50
Glamorgan, 12, 14, 41	Gloucester, 49, 58
Guildford/Surrey, 49	Gwent Way [drover's route], 51
Gwydderig river, 60	Hackney Marshes, 42
Haverfordwest, 12, 49, 59, 62	Hay, 58
Henly, 58	Hereford, 58, 61
Herefordshire, 51	Hiraethog mountain, 59
Holyhead, 59	Horsham, 49
Hounslow, 58	Islip, 59
Kenilworth, 55, 61	Kent, 17, 31
Kidwelly, 12	Lampeter, 60
Lanburi, 58	Lancashire, 50
Laugharne, 12	Laundovery, 59
Leamington Road, 55	Leebotwood, 60
Leicester, 57	Leicestershire, 18, 21, 22
Leighton Buzzard, 61	Lichfield, 48, 59
Llandegla, 59	Llandovery, 60
Llandrillo, 62	Llandulas, 60
Llanellthy, 59	Llanffaffon, 59
Llanfrothen, 60	Llangollen, 25, 60
Llanmyneich parish, 15	Llanrswt fair, 40, 59
Llansawel, 60	Llanstephan, 12
Llansystumdwy, 60	Llanybyther, 60
Lleyn/CAE, 11, 60	London Meat Market, 17, 49, 56
London, 29, 40, 47, 58, 59	Long Mynd, 60
Lutterworth/Leicestershire, 22	Maentwrog, 60
Maidstone/fair/Kent, 33, 49	Maydenhead, 58
Meifod parish/MGY, 31	Menai Strait, 59
Meriden, 61	Merioneth, 13, 14, 15
Michael Dean, 59	Migneint river, 60
Milford Haven, 12	Monmouth, 59
Montford Bridge/tolls, 11	Montgomery, 14
Moreton-in-the-marsh, 59	Nant Ffrancon Pass, 59
Nantwich, 48	Narberth, 60
Newport, 59	Newton, 58
North Way [drover's route], 51	Northampton, 18
Northamptonshire, 18, 22	Noson Lawen, 39
Offa's Dyke, 20, 40	Old Chester Road, 61
Oxford, 49	Painscastle, 61
Pedair Croesffordd, 60	Pen Rhiw, 61
Pentraeth, 24	Pentre Foelas, 60
Pentre'r Dwr Glan, 42	Pershore, 59
Plowden, 60	Pound, The/Leebotwood, 60
Powys Way [drover's route], 51	Preston, 59
Priors Hardwick, 55	Pumpsaint, 60
Pwllheli, 60	Rhondda, 41
Rhyd Lydan, 60	Rhydspens, 61
Rhyd-y-Clafdy, 60	Rising Sun/Brown Hills, 61
Romney Marsh, 49	Ross, 58
Royal Commission on Agriculture in Wales, 20	Ruthyn, 59, 60
Rutland, 18	Ryknield St, 59
Saint Albones, 59	Salisbury Plain, 50, 56
Salisbury, 49	Severn, 49
Shrewsbury, 11, 53, 58	Shropshire, 36
Smithfield Market, 17, 22, 38, 44, 45, 54	Somerset, 12, 13, 49, 57, 61
Southam/Rugby, 55	St Albans, 49
St David's/PEM, 58	Stone, 48, 58
Stonebridge, 61	Stonehenge, 57
Stony Stratford, 59	Stratford on Avon/Mop fair, 10
Sulgrave, 61	Sully, 11
Surrey, 17	Swansbury, 12
Swansea, 12, 59	Talgarth Inn, 60
Tenby, 12	Thames Valley, 56
Tochester, 58	Totternhoe, 61
Towcester, 49	Towyn Volunteers, 15
Traeth Mawr marshes, 60	Trawsfynydd, 60
Tregaron, 61	Troedrhiwdalar chapel/Llanfairmuallt, 33
Uphill/Somerset, 12	Uxbridge/Middx, 49, 59
Vale of Clwyd, 14, 59	Vale of Glamorgan, 11
Vale of the White Horse. 56	Velindre, 60
Warwickshire, 22, 55	Watling St, 22, 61
Welsh Way, 55	Welshman's Road, 61
Weymouth/Dorset, 49	Wickam, 59
Willersly, 61	Wiltshire, 49
Wincanton, 49	Winchester, 50
Worcester, 24, 58, 59	Wrexsam, 60
Wyche, 58	Wye Bridge/Hereford, 11
Wye river, 61	Yarnbury/Salisbury Plain, 57
Ychfielde, 58	Ysybyty Ifan, 60

Published in London in 1836 by Jones & Co, Temple of the Muses, Finsbury Square.

Reproduced in 2001 on CD by the Archive CD Books Project.

Here are place name listings of the engravings in both sections of the book, as far as I can tell there are descriptions of all these places too. Names are as spelled in the book.

• North Wales
• South Wales

Abbreviations used

• AGY --- Anglesey
• CAE--- Caenarvonshire
• DEN --- Denbighshire
• FLN --- Flintshire
• MER --- Merionethshire
• MGY --- Montgomeryshire

North Wales

• Vignette, Menai Straits
• Abermaw, or Barmouth --- MER
• Rhuddlan Castle --- FLN
• Llyn Tegid, or Bala Lake --- MER
• Menai Bridge
• Beddgelert --- CAE
• Llyn Idwal --- CAE
• Tremadoc --- CAE
• Rhaiadyr du --- MER
• Flint --- FLN
• Flint Castle --- FLN
• Llanrwst Bridge --- DEN
• Llanrwst Church --- DEN
• Bangor --- CAE
• Bangor Cathedral --- CAE
• Denbigh Castle --- DEN
• Denbigh --- DEN
• View near Aber --- CAE
• Llyn Gwynant ---CAE
• Overton Church --- FLN
• Valle Crucis Abbey --- DEN
• Snowdon, from Capel Curig --- CAE
• Fall of the Ogwen ---CAE
• Pont y Glyn --- DEN
• Pont Aberglaslyn --- CAE
• Pont y Cyssyllte --- DEN
• Llangollen --- DEN
• Tower of Wrexham Church --- DEN
• St Winifred's Well --- FLN
• Beaumaris --- AGY
• Entrance to Beaumaris Castle --- AGY
• St Asaph --- FLN
• St Asaph Cathedral --- FLN
• Welsh Pool --- MGY
• Powis Castle --- MGY
• Pont y Rhydlanfair --- CAE
• Pistill y Caen --- MER
• Caernarvon --- CAE
• Caernarvon Castle --- CAE
• Remains of Castell Dinas Bran --- DEN
• Eagle Tower, Caernarvon Castle --- CAE
• Bangor Iscoed --- FLN
• Holt --- DEN
• Chirk Castle --- DEN
• Corwen --- MER
• Harlech Castle, from the Tremadoc Road --- MER
• Remains of Dyserth Castle --- FLN
• Ruthin Castle --- DEN
• Hawarden Castle ---FLN
• Suspension Bridge, Conway --- CAE
• Conway Castle --- CAE
• Llyn Ogwen --- CAE
• Gwrych, near Abergele --- DEN
• Rhuabon --- DEN
• Llantisilio Church --- DEN
• Mold --- FLN
• Harlech Castle --- MER
• Wynnstay --- DEN
• Northop --- FLN
• Penmaen Mawr --- CAE
• Criccieth Castle --- CAE
• Caergwrle --- FLN
• Pont y Pair --- CAE
• Plas Newydd --- DEN
• Basingwerk Abbey --- FLN
• Bettws y Coed --- CAE
• Tal y Llyn --- MER
• Town Hall, Ruthin --- DEN
• Wrexham --- DEN
• Penrhyn Castle --- CAE
• Llangollen Church --- DEN
• Machynlleth --- MGY
• Llanberis Lake --- CAE
• Dolgellau --- MER
• Llanelltyd Church --- MER
• View in the Vale of Llangollen --- DEN
• Chirk Aqueduct --- DEN
• Pass of Llanberis --- CAE
• Rhaiadyr y Wenol --- CAE
• Holyhead Harbour --- AGY
• South Stack Light-house --- AGY
• Cader Idris --- MER
• Llanfachreth Church --- MER
• Fall of the Conway --- CAE
• View in the Vale of Beddgelert --- CAE
• Montgomery --- MGY
• Glan Severn --- MGY
• Berriew, or Aber-Rhiew ---MGY
• View on the Rhiew --- MGY

 

---

South Wales

Brecknockshire

• Crickhowel
• Crickhowel Castle
• Brecknock
• Tretwr
• Craig y Dinas
• Builth
• Hay
• Hay Church
• Pont Neath Faughan
• Port yr Ogof
• Upper Fall of the Hepste
• Lower Fall of the Hepste

Caermarthenshire

• Caermarthen
• Vale of the Towy
• Kidwelly Castle and Bridge
• Llanstephan
• Llanstephan Castle
• Sands at Llanstephan
• Llandovery Castle
• Gronger Hill
• Llaugharne Castle
• Caer Cennin Castle

Cardiganshire

• Cardigan
• Aberystwith
• Fall at Pont y Monach
• Pont y Monach, or Devil's Bridge
• St David's College, Lampeter
• Hafod House
• Remains of Aberystwith Castle
• Vale of the Rhydiol
• Fall of the Teify
• Kenarth Bridge
• Llanbadern Vawr
• Vale of the Teify, near Newcastle
• Abearon
• Newcastle, in Emlyn
• Plas Crug, near Aberystwith
• Llanfihangel Genaur Glynn

Glamorganshire

• Vignette --- Arthur's Stone, near Swansea
• Ostermouth Castle
• Remains of Neath Abbey
• Part of Neath Abbey
• Crypt of Neath Abbey
• Cardiff
• Cardiff Castle
• Remains of Cardiff Castle
• Entrance to Swansea Harbour
• Swansea Castle
• Mumbles Light House
• Mill at Abedylais
• Pont y Prydd
• Margam Church
• Remains of the Cloisters of Margam Abbey
• Caerphilli Castle
• Caerphilli
• Melincourt Fall, Vale of Neath
• Cascade at Aberdillis, Vale of Neath
• Castle and Church, St Donat's
• Light Houses at Nash Point, St Donat's
• Vale of the Taff
• Aqueduct on the Taff
• View near Newbridge
• Berw Rhonda
• Cowbridge
• Llanblethan
• Llantwit Major
• Town Hall, Llantwit Major
• Llantrissant
• Bridgend
• Merthyr Tydvil
• Cyfartha Castle, Merthyr Tydvil
• Penrice Castle
• Enwenny Priory
• Coity Castle
• St Quentin's Castle, near Cowbridge
• Llandaff Cathedral
• Ancient Cross at St Donat's

Monmouthshire

• Chepstow
• Chepstow Castle
• Tintern
• Tintern Abbey
• Interior of Tintern Abbey
• West Window of Tintern Abbey
• Abergavenny
• Sugar Loaf and Skyrrid Mountain
• Mathern
• Mathern Palace
• Ragland
• Ragland Castle
• Keep of Ragland Castle
• Gate and Bridge over the Monnow
• Usk
• View from the Castle, Usk
• Llanthony Abbey
• Llanthony Abbey, West Front
• Caerleon
• Newport
• Caldecot Castle, Caldecot Level
• Sudbrook Chapel, on Caldecot Level
• View near Pont y Pool
• Nant y Glo
• Aberystwith, or Blaenau Gwent
• View in Coldbrook Vale

Pembrokeshire

• Pembroke Town and Castle
• Pembroke, looking West
• Kilgerren Castle
• Remains of St Dogmael's Priory
• Lamphey Palace
• Pille Priory
• St Gowan's Chapel
• Sainted Well at St Gowan's
• Lawhaden Castle
• Pembroke
• Milford Haven
• Newport
• Caldey Island
• Remains of Haverfordwest Priory
• Tenby
• Inner Court of Manorbeer Castle
• St David's Cathedral
• Bishop's Palace, St David's
• St Catherine's Island
• Narberth Castle
• Nave of St David's Cathedral
• St Mary's College, St David's
• Fishguard, Upper and Lower Town
• Entrance to the Harbour of Fishguard
• Solva
• Dinas
• Carew Castle
• Carey Castle, General View

Radnorshire

• Aber Edwy, or Abereddow Church
• The Wye at Aberedwy
• Old Radnor
• Rhaiadyr Bridge
• View near Rhaiadyr
• New Radnor

---

By Richard Colyer 1976

Indexed by Catherine Davies-Shiel 1999

**My copy of this book was deposited with Glamorgan FHS in April 2022 (Gareth Hicks)

Click  here for the position with lookups

• Review        
• Names   
• Places    
• Shoeing Centres    
• Tollgates   
• Fairs        
• Inns  

 

Review

Contents Farming conditions and Cattle Production in C19 Wales Cattle and Cattle Breeding The Cattle Drovers in Welsh Society The Welsh Cattle Trade in the C19 Drovers Routes in Central and South West Wales The Welsh Drovers in England Epilogue Introduction from the book's dust jacket . "In this book an attempt is made not only to piece together from many scattered sources various aspects of the Welsh cattle trade, but also to illustrate the vital role of the drovers in the cultural , intellectual and social life of Wales. The book does not claim to be a comprehensive history of droving between Wales and England and although one chapter deals with evolution of the cattle trade most of the remaining pages are concerned with the trade in the C19  for which relatively abundant sources material is available.  Particular attention is given to the "mechanics" of droving , the finances and general conducting of the trade. Inevitably the financial success or failure of cattle dealing was inextricably linked with the fortunes of the Welsh farmer who raised the store cattle which were eventually sold to the grazier of the Midland Plains or the stall and yard feeders of the Eastern Counties of England.  Accordingly Dr Colyer includes chapters discussing both the wide range of cattle types available to the drovers and the technical and financial aspects of cattle production in C19 Wales. Although the gradual development of the Welsh railway system precipitated changes in the distribution of country fairs and markets , the railways per se did not bring about the wholesale abandonment of the " art and mystery" of droving. Indeed, in many instances, droving to England continued well into the loosely defined "railway period". Thus many of the ancient drovers' routes described in the book were still used for their original purpose within living memory. Moreover, the motorised heirs of the thousand year old droving tradition still visit the markets of the Midland counties selling the black cattle which for so many centuries were Wales' most important " export". " Gareth Hicks 1999

 

Fairs

Aberaeron, 57, 58, 59	Aberffraw, 63
Abergele, 43	Abergwili [CMN], 57, 84
Aberystwyth, 52, 57, 85	Aylesford, 109
Baddlesmere, 109	Barnet, 51, 63, 106, 108, 112
Beddgelert, 52	Berwick [SSX], 86
Blackwater, 67, 108	Bont, 85
Boughton Green,109	Braintree, 112
Brecon, 85, 90	Brentwood, 69, 109
Caeo [CMN], 84, 95	Camross [PEM], 84
Capel Canron , 82	Capel Sain Silin, 83, 95
Cardiff, 8	Cardigan, 83
Carew [PEM], 84	Carmarthen [CMN] ,84
Cilgerron [PEM], 52, 56, 58, 84, 103	Challock, 109
Chelmsford, 109	Chilham, 109
Cilgerran, 52, 57, 88	Coldhill, 69
Cork [IRL], 86	Crymych [PEM], 84, 85
Daventry, 82, 109	Dihewydd, 83, 95
Dinas Mawddwy, 11, 56, 57, 58, 59	Dolgellau, 57
Dryslwyn [CMN], 84	East Grinstead, 109, 112
East Ilsley,108	Eglwyswrw [PEM], 84
Elstree, 63	Epping, 69, 109
Farnham, 67, 108	Ffair Fach [CMN], 84
Ffair Rhos [CGN], 83, 85, 94	Findon, 109
Fishguard [PEM], 84	Hallaton, 110
Harley Row, 108	Harlow Bush, 109
Henfeddau [PEM], 57, 58, 84	Hereford Great, 77
Haverfordwest [PEM], 57, 58, 84, 103	Herbertston [PEM], 84
Hereford, 77	Hertford, 106
Hitchin, 106	Horsham, 108, 112
Howe, 109	Ingatestone, 80
Kensington, 62	Kidwelty [CMN], 84
Kingston, 108	Lampeter, 52, 83, 85, 98
Laugharne [PEM], 84	Letterston [PEM], 84
Little Newcastle [PEM], 84	Llandeilo Fawr [CMN], 84, 85
Llandeloy [PEM], 84	Llandovery [CMN], 84
Llandybie [CMN], 84	Llandysul [CGN], 83
Llanedy [CMN], 84	Llanelli [CMN], 84
Llanfair Caereinion, 53	Llanfihangel [CMN], 84
Llangado [CMN], 84	Llangendeirne [CMN], 84
Llanllawddog [CMN], 84	Llanon [CMN], 84
Llansadwrn [CMN], 84	Llansawel [CMN], 84
Llanwenog [CGN], 83	Llanwinio [CMN], 84
Llanwnen [CGN], 83	Llanybydder [CMN], 84
Llechryd, 83	Lledrod, 11, 56, 58, 98
Llanarth, 83	Lutterworth, 109
Machynlleth, 52, 57	Maenclochog [PEM], 84
Market Harborough, 82, 107, 109, 110, 111	Mathry [PEM], 84
Meidrim [CMN], 84	Myddfai [CMN], 84
Narberth, 10, 52, 56, 57, 85	Nailsham, 109
Newborough, 52	Newcastle Emlyn [CMN], 57, 58, 84, 85, 95, 98
Newent, 43	Newport [PEM], 85
Northampton, 82, 107, 109, 110	Pembrey [CMN], 84
Pembroke [PEM], 85	Pentre [CMN], 84
Penybont [CMN], 84	Pontrhydfendigaid [CGN], 83
Porthaethwy, 63	Puncheston [PEM], 85
Romford, 109	Rothwell, 110
Rugby, 82, 107, 111	St Davids [PEM], 85
Seaford, 109	Selsey, 109
Shoreham, 109	Steyning [SSX], 48, 109
Tally [CMN], 84	Talsarn [CGN], 52, 83, 95
Templeton [PEM], 85	Tenby [PEM], 85
Three Lords [CMN], 84	Tregaron [CGN], 83, 85
Uxbridge, 108	Waterston [PEM], 85
Wellingborough, 109	Welshpool, 57
Wendover, 105	Whiston [PEM], 85
Ystrad Meurig [CGN], 83

 

Inns

Abergwesyn Tavern, 61, 65	Anchor Inn [HEF], 102
Black Lion Inn, Llanbadarn fawr [CGN], 64	Black Ox, Clyro Hill [RAD], 100
Bontfraig Tavern, 61	Bontwilt Tavern, 61, 65
Cart and Horses, Rhydcymerau [CMN], 96	Clophill Tavern, 80
Commercial Inn, Llanddewi Velfrey [CMN], 97	Cross Inn [CGN], 100
Cross In Hand [SSX], 112	Daventry Tavern, 65
Drovers Arms, Cwmfelyn Mynach [CMN], 98	Drovers Arms, Cilycwm [CMN], 96
Drovers Arms, Llanddeusant [BRE] 97	Drovers Arms, Llanfihangel-ar-arth [CMN], 96
Drovers Arms, Porthyrhtd [CMN], 96	Drovers Arms, Mynydd Epyt [BRE], 100, 145
Drovers Arms, Penuwch [CGN], 104	Elgin Tavern, 65
Elstow Tavern, 65	Feazley Tavern, 79
Firest Inn, 101	Fleur de Lys Inn, Norton Canes, 105
Forest Inn, Trewern [RAD], 101	Garreg [Tavern at], 98
George in the Tree, Meriden [WAR], 105	Grouse Inn, Pentwyn, Abergwesyn, 93
Grouse Inn, Abergwesyn [BRE],94, 103	Harborough Tavern, 79, 81
Hertford Tavern, 65	Kings Arms Inn, Lledrod [CGN], 98
Kings Head, Ludgate Hill, 89	Kings Head, Hotspur, 108
Kings Head, Fleet Street, 44	Kingsthorpe Tavern, 79
Leicester Tavern, 79	Llanfair Tavern, 79
Lock and Key, Smithfield, 89, 103	Lutterworth Tavern, 81
Machynlleth Tavern, 79, 81	Newbridge Tavern, 61, 65
Newcastle Emlyn Tavern, 81	New Inn, Padbury [BKM], 106
Northampton Tavern, 65, 80	Norton Inn, 80
Ongar Tavern, 65	Penpontbren [Tavern at], 98
Puesdown Inn, Northkeach [GLS[, 108	Rhydowen [Tavern at], 98
Rising Sun, Brownhills, 105	Rugby Tavern, 80
Salop Tavern, 79	Shrewsbury Tavern, 79
Southam Tavern, 65	Speculation Inn, Narberth [PEM], 98
Spite Inn, Llanddulas [BRE], 96, 100	Spratton Tavern, 79, 81
Stags Head, Penuwch [CGN], 99	Stansted Tavern, 65
Stanton Inn, 61	Stratford Tavern, 65
Talfarn Mynydd Inn, 100	Three Potes Inn, Hinckley, 112
Turvey Tavern, 80	Warwick Tavern, 65
Wellingborough Tavern, 65	Welsh Harp Inn, Forden, 101
Welshpool Tavern, 79, 81, 82	Wilbercastle Tavern, 65
William Wells Tavern, 62, 65	Windmill Tavern, 65
Worcester Tavern, 65

Names

Surname.given name,place,page

Abel, Edward, ---, 48	Annwyl, J.B,---,11
ap Griffiths, William, Penrhyn, 43	ap Howell, Richard, Mostyn, 43
ap Iowerth ap Ithel, Rhys, ---, 43	ap Madoc, Iowerth, ---, 43
Arnsby, Samuel, ---, 32	Athelstan, --- [King of England], ---, 43, 50
Bakewell,R, ---, 30, 37	Bannister, John, ---, 33, 109
Beaufort, [Duke of], ---, 5	Beever,W.H, ---, 36
Blunt, Richard, Llanidloes, 16	Bound, Bryan, Llanddewy Ystradenny [RAD], 119
Bowen, Emmanuel, ---, 92, 93, 95, 98	Bowen, George, Ffynome, 29
Bowstead, Thomas, ---, 85	Bradley, Edwin, ---, 35, 40
Brooks, --- [Colonel], Noyadd, Lampeter, 28	Broome, John, Baddesley Clinton, 43,106
Buckley, --- [Mr], Penyfai, 33	Bulkeley, Richard, ---, 44, 53
Bulkeley, William, ---, 44, 63	Bull, --- [Mr], ---, 44
Cadwallader, Richard, ---, 48	Campbell, John [Farmer and Drover], Gwernarglwydd, Rhayader, 90
Cane, Thomas, ---, 63	Canley, R, ---, 30
Capel, David, ---,80	Carey,J, ---, 92
Cawdor, --- [Earl of], Stackpole Court, 33, 77	Charles, Thomas [Rev], Bala, 44
Chaworth, George [Sir], ---, 44	Chester,---, [Earl of], ---, 43
Clark,J, ---, 32, 34, 35	Clayton, Robert [Receiver General], ---, 48
Corbet, --- [Mr], Ynysmaengwyn, Towyn, 36, 37	Cormeilles, --- [Abbot of] ---,43
Curtis,R, ---,63	Dale, William [Veterinary], Barnet, 63
David, Griffith, ---, 43	David,R, ---,117
Davies, --- [Drover], Tregaron, 63, 88, 89, 92	Davies, David [Dealer], ---, 48,68
Davies,E,Tregarron,63,89,90	Davies, Edward, Penmorfa, 14
Davies, Humphrey, Guilsfield, 47	Davies, Jane [Mrs], Tregaron, 88
Davies, T, ---,5	Davies, W, ---,2, 6, 27, 28, 32, 43, 35, 36, 37, 54
Dee, J [Dr], ---, 43	Defoe, D, ---, 67
Dickenson, J,---, 101	Dickenson, W,---,59
de Radynges, John, ---, 43	Ebbsworth, J,---,119
Edmonds, G,---, 108	Edwards, John [Drover], ---, 62
Egerton, E, ---, 77	Ellis, R, ---, 112
Ellis, T E, House of Commons, 18	Endisbury, Kenrick, ---, 44
Evan, ---, Hafod Wynn, 59	Evans, Benjamin [Pastor], Llanuwchllyn, 45
Evans, Daniel, ---,80	Evans, David, ---, 48
Evans, Evan [Assistant Drover], ---, 89	Evans, Evan, Anglesey, 44
Evans, H, Highmead, 29	Evans, Hugh, ---, 59, 57
Evans, Jane, ---, 103	Evans, John, Anglesey, 49
Evan, John, ---, 80	Evans, John [Assistant Drover], ---, 89
Evans, M, ---,31, 33	Evans, R [Drover], ---,145
Evans, Robert, Eglwysfach, 44	Evans, Timothy, ---, 81
Evans, Timothy [Assistant Drover], ---, 89	Evans, W, ---, 64
Evans, Walter [Dealer], Haverfordwest, 85	Fawr, Sion, ---, 59
Fox, Cyril [Sir],---, 42, 43, 102	Garnons, --- [Mr], ---, 69,70
Gibson, J, ---, 4, 32	Glynne, Stephen [Sir], Hawarden, 4, 28
Graham, James [Sir], ---,1	Grey,C, ---, 37, 43
Grey, William, ---, 57	Griffiths, Dafydd [Dealer], ---, 89
Griffiths, Thomas, Lampeter, 43	Griffiths, W D W, Garn Estate, 17
Hall, --- [Lady], ---, 7	Harris, Henry [School Master], Efaldybrenin, 54
Harris, U, ---, 54	Harryman, Joseph, Much Wenlock, 46
Hassall, C, ---, 31, 33, 34	Hawkins, George, --- [SRY], 49
Hewes, T, ---, 44	Heyward, Colin, Guilsfield, 36
Hinton, Thomas, Whitchurch, 47	Hopkins, Thomas, Llangattock, 19
Howell, --- [Dr], Carmarthen Market, 9	Hughes, Hugh, ---, 49
Hughes, Robin, ---, 44	Hughes, T, ---, 115
Hyde Hall, E, ---, 45, 48, 53, 54, 77, 113	Iowerth, R ap, ---, 43
Isaac, Dafydd [Drover], Trefenter, 85, 93,103	Jackson, John [Dealer], Easington, 71, 76
Janes,J,---,106	Jarrett, Richard [Drover], Trawsfyndd, 30, 76
Jenkins, David, Laugharne, 16, 17	Jenkins, R T,---, 91, 96
Johnes, John [Captain], Dolaucothi, 49, 54	Johnes, Thomas, Hafod, 27, 28, 40
Jonathan, ---, ---, 98, 99	Jonathan, David [Cattle Dealer], Dihewyd, inside page, 11, 49, 53, 56,64, 76, 94, 96
Jonathan, Thomas, ---, 64	Jones, Charles, ---, 62
Jones, Charles [Assistant Drover], ---, 89	Jones, Charles, Llanddewibrefi, 48
Jones, Dafydd [Drover and Hymnologist], Caeo, 46, 63, 95	Jones, Daniel, ---, 79
Jones, David, Dderi, 44	Jones, David [Rev], ---, 51
Jones, David, ---, 117	Jones, Edward, ---, 48
Jones, Edward [Lawyer], Carmarthen, 51	Jones, Elias, ---, 11
Jones, Ellis, ---, 48	Jones, Griffith [Drover], ---, 64
Jones, Hugh, Bala, 45	Jones, John [Drover], Barnet, 63
Jones, John [Proprietor] Ludgate Hill, 89	Jones, John, Llanarthney, 63
Jones, N, ---, 118	Jones, Owen, Llandegfan, 14, 118
Jones, Robert, Garthmyl, 10	Jones, Rhys, Gorchestion, 45
Jones, Robert, Llangwm, 44	Jones, Thomas [Rev], Creaton, 44
Jones, Thomas, Newcastle Emlyn, 77	Jones, Thomas, Pengwern, 45
Jones, Thomas, Tregaron, 43	Jones, Thomas, Ty Isaf, 44
Jones, William, Llanfacraeth, 14	Jones, William, Nant-henfol, 44
Jones, William, Trawsfynydd, 45	Kay, J, ---, 5, 32, 54
Kay, Roger [Servant], ---, 43	Keary, W H , ---, 7, 31, 35, 40
Kensington, ---[Lord], ---, 10	Killin, Evan [Proprietor Black Lion Inn], Llanbadarn, 64
Kilvert, F [Rev], ---, 100	Kitchen, T, ---, 91, 92, 93, 95, 98
Lawrence, J, ---, 32, 33	Leland, J, ---, 5
Lewis, --- [Mr], Henllan, 33	Lewis, F S, ---, 5
Lewis, P [Rev], ---, 88	Lewis, S, ---, 6, 35
Lewis, Thomas [Assistant Drover], ---, 89	Lewis, Thomas, Trefeibrion Meyrig, 44
Lewis, W, ---, 119	Lisburne, ---[Earl of], Crosswood Estate, 3
Lloyd, David, ---, 42,	Lloyd, David, Wynn Estate, 44
Lloyd, Henry, ---, 117	Lloyd, Hugh [Drover] ---, 44
Lloyd, Hugh [Sheriff of], Denbigh, 44	Lloyd, John, Mabws, 29
Lloyd, John [Assistant Drover], ---, 89	Lloyd, Richard, ---, 44
Lloyd, Simon, Bala, 10	Lloyd, Thomas, ---, 48, 49
Lloyd, Timothy [Assistant Drover], ---, 89	Lloyd, Wayne [Sheriff of], Denbigh, 44
Lown, John [Bailiff], ---, Hafod, 89	Madoc, I ap, ---, 43
Malkin,B, ---, 1	Marshall, W, ---, 92
Maughan, John, Oswestry, 10	Maurice, H, ---, 44
Milford, --- [Lord], ---,9	Millar, John, ---, 29
Milford, --- [Lord], ---, 29	Mirehouse, John, Brownslade, 27
Morgan, Charles [Sir], Tredegar Park, 10, 35	Morgan, David, ---, 59
Morgan, J, ---, 117	Morgan, J B, ---, 35
Morgan, Rhys, Tregaron, 60	Morgan, T, ---, 116
Morganwg, I, ---, 11, 31, 34	Moseley, Robert, ---, 83
Morus, Edward, Perthi Llwydion, 45	Murray, J B, ---, 31
Newcastle, --- [Fourth Duke of], ---, 35, 89	Norbert, William, Llanhader, 15, 16
Offa, --- [King], ---, 42	Owen, Hugh, ---, 48
Owen, John [Sir], Bangor, 50	Owen, Thomas, ---, 48
Parkinson, R, ---, 37	Parry, Hugh, Penmorfa, 44, 45
Parry-Jones, D, ---, 40	Paynter, S, ---, 29
Penrhyn, --- [Lord], ---, 8	Penrun, John [Sir] [Banker], London, 70
Perkins, Edward, ---, 19	Phillips, Mansell, Carmathen, 4
Pontglo, Edward, ---, 80	Powell, Charles, ---, 27
Price, --- [Rev of Prestatyn], ---, 103, 104	Price, W, ---, 118
Pritchard, --- [Vicar], ---, 51, 120	Pritchard, John, Beddgelert, 15
Prothero, Thomas, ---, 10	Paynter, Sophia [Mrs], ---, 29
Radunges, J de, ---, 43	Read, John, --- [MDDX], 49
Read, Clare Sewell, ---, 2, 3, 32, 33, 34, 35, 81, 82	Rees, David, ---, 61
Rees, David [Head Drover], ---, 89	Rees, J, ---, 60
Rees, R, ---, 106	Rees, T, ---, 3, 4, 31
Rees, W, ---, 119	Rhys, --- [Nailer of Pant-un-nos], Pant-un-nos, 59
Richard, Ellis, Llaneoblwyne, 14	Richard, H,---, 1
Richard, Owen, ---, 69	Richards, Evan, Ffaldybrenin, 59
Richards, Griffith, Caernarvon, 49	Richards, John [Jac Ysbytty], ---, 59
Richards, Richard, ---, 81	Richards, Richard [Assistant Drover], ---, 89
Roberts, David [Drover], ---, 64	Roberts, David, ---, 116
Roberts, Edward, Clatter, 88	Roberts, Evan, Caersws, 64
Roberts, John, Mathry, 27	Roberts, John [Drover], ---, 88
Roberts, Richard [Dealer], Plas y Faeder, 76, 77	Roberts, Richard [Tanner], Bala, 77
Robertson, --- [Mr], ---, 89	Roderick, David, ---, 67
Roderick, Roderick [Dealer], ---, 62, 65, 67, 95, 96, 104, 105, 106, 109	Romaine, William, ---, 46
Rowlands, David, Llanddewibrefi, 48	Rowlandson, T, ---, 2, 3, 7, 32, 37
Rupert, --- [Prince], ---, 42	Rutland, --- [Countess of], ---, 44
Shelby, W, ---, 60	Singer, G, ---, 93
Spitty, ---, ---, 109	Smith, John [Driver], ---, 80
Smythe, J S, ---, 34	Stephen, --- [Sir], ---, 28
Steward, --- [Captain], Vaynol Estate, 18	Sturt, G, ---, 67
Taylor, Edward, Stretton-upon-Dunsmore, 47	Taylor, Edward [Captain], Pickhill, 50
Thomas, John, Bala, 44, 115	Tregelles, S P, ---, 112
Tudor, Henry, ---, 43	Twm O'R Nant, ---, ---, 47
Van Bar, --- [Mrs], ---, 106	Vincent ,J E, ---, 31
Wallace, Gruff Hope, ---, 43	Walker, Joseph, ---, 63
Walters, John, ---, 89	Warner, R, ---, 100
Watkins, John, Narberth, 44, 45	Watkins, William, Criccieth, 14
Watts, Isaac, ---, 46	Webster, J,---, 30
Wesley, John, Brecon, 46	Weston, Richard [Drover], ---, 71
Whetham, --- [Miss], Ballinasloe [IRE], 7	Wilkins, John [Banker], Brecon, 49
William, J H, Edwinsford Estate, 27	Williams, David, ---, 48
Williams, Edward, Holywell, 18	Williams, Evan John [Ianto Sion Evans], Abergwesyn, 60
Williams, Jenkin [Dealer], Deri-garon, 93	Williams, John [Assistant Drover], ---, 89
Williams, John [Bishop of], Bangor, 42	Williams, John [Drover], Merioneth, 69, 70
Williams, George, Hayston, 17	Williams, Robert, Llandyfriog, 15
Williams, Simon [Drover], ---, 63	Williams, Thomas, ---, 4
Williams, W [Rev], Aberpergwm Estate [Neath], 7	Williams, W, Llandyfriog, 15
Williams, William, ---, 57	Winchester, --- [Bishop of], ---, 43
Wynne, --- [Mr], Ryton, 36	Wynne, Henry, ---, 44
Wynne, Richard, ---, 44	Youatt, W, ---, 33, 35, 36

Places

Abber Annell [BRE], 94, 100	Aberaeron [CGN], 56, 58
Aberbowlan [CMN], 96	Aberbwll [BRE], 96
Abergavenny [MON], 34, 100	Abergele [DEN], 36, 43
Abergwili [CMN], 56, 58, 97	Abergwesyn, 60, 67, 78, 93, 94, 98, 99, 100, 103
Aberhanlle, 94	Aberpergwm Estate [GLM], 7
Abbey Cwmhir Estate, 2	Aberystwyth [CGN], 52, 56, 60, 67, 78-82, 92, 97-99, 108
Abingdon [BRK], 108	Adderbury Mount [CMN], 96, 103
Albury Heath [SRY], 108	Alderbury, 66
Arlingham [GLS], 107	Ashford [KEN], 62
Aust [GLS], 100, 107	Aylesbury [BKM], 106, 107
Aynho [NTH], 77	Bala [MER], 69, 78
Bala Green, 59	Bancyllain, 98
Bangor, 78	Barleymow, 66
Barmouth, 78	Barnet [HRT], 107
Barnsley [GLS], 108	Beaconsfield [BKM], 108
Bedford [BDF], 105, 109	Beddgelert [MER], 117
Bedwas [MON], 119	Beguildy [RAD], 101
Berwick [SSX], 86	Beulah [BRE], 67, 93, 94, 100, 101, 103
Beulah-Llanwrty, 46	Bicester [OXF], 107
Billerikey, 69	Birdlip Hill [GLS], 107
Birmingham Wells, 62	Black Hill [RAD],102
Blackwater [SRY], 108	Blaedyffryn [CMN], 96
Blaengasffrw, 93	Blaenwaun [CMN], 98
Blaenycwm [CGN], 94	Black Ox, Llandovery, 49
Blisworth [NTH], 109	Bontfrai [DEN], 61
Bosworth Field, 43	Brackley [NTH], 106, 107
Braintree [ESS], 112	Brechfa [CMN], 98
Brecon [BRE], 42, 49, 97, 100	Bredwardine [HEF], 104
Brentwood [ESS], 109	Bringsty Common, Bromyard [WOR], 107
Bristol [GLS], 100	Broadway [WOR], 107
Bromyard [WOR], 107	Bronnant [CGN], 99, 104
Bronbyrfe [CGN], 94	Brownhills [STS], 105
Brynamman [CMN], 97	Bryn Caregog [CGN], 94
Bryn Crwn [CGN], 93	Bryn Glas, 94
Bryn Hill [PEM], 98	Brynmanhaolog [CGN], 95
Bryn Teifi, 98	Buckingham, 66, 105, 106, 107
Builth Wells [RAD], 78	Caeo [CMN], 54, 95, 96, 97
Caerlleon, 98	Caer Pencarreg [CGN], 95
Caersws [MGY] 101, 104	Cannock Chase [STS], 105
Canterbury, 109	Capel Cyno, 56, 58
Capel Sain Silin [CGN], 95	Cardigan [CGN], 56, 58, 78, 92, 97, 98
Carmathen [CMN], 77, 78, 92, 97, 103	Carmenau Fawr [PEM], 98
Castle Bromwich [WOR], 105	Castlemartin [PEM], 4, 33
Cefn Arthen [BRE], 96	Cefn Cardis [BRE], 67, 94, 100
Cefn Brafle [CMN], 98	Cefn Hergest, 101
Cefn Hirwaun [BRE], 100	Cefn Llwydlo [BRE], 96
Chelmsford [ESS], 62	Chepstow, 80
Chesham [BKM], 108	Chester, 36, 78
Chipping Sodbury [GLS], 107	Chippenham [WLT], 107
Cilgerran [PEM], 57, 88	Cilycwm [CMN], 95, 96, 103
Cilygynydd Uchaf [CMN], 98	Cirencester [GLS], 107
Claewen, 94	Clatter [MGY], 88
Clophill [BDF], 80, 109	Clun Hill [GLS], 102
Clynderwen [PEM], 98	Clyro Hill, 100, 104
Cold Higham [NTH], 107	Coln St Aldwyn [GLS], 108
Colva [RAD], 100, 101	Coombe Hole [BKM], 106
Cork [IRL], 86	Cormeilles [FRA], 43
Corwen [MER], 59, 76, 78	Craven Arm [SAL], 80
Cregrina [RAD], 100, 101	Crickhowell [BRE], 100
Cricklade [WIL], 107	Crosswood Estate [CGN], 3
Croughton [NTH], 107	Crugybar [CMN], 97
Crymych [PEM], 78, 98	Culworth [NTH], 107
Cwmann [CMN], 77, 95	Cwmberwyn, Tregaron [CGN], 93
Cwmcoedifor [CMN], 96, 97	Cwmdulas House [CGN], 65, 94
Cwmfranfaw, Cilycwm [CMN], 96	Cwmhywel, Rhydcymerau [CMN], 96
Cwm Owen [BRE], 100	Cwmystwyth [CGN], 92, 93, 94, 98, 99, 101
Cwm-y-gof, 95	Cwrt-y-Cadno [CMN], 94
Cynwyl Elfed [CMN], 98	Daventry [NTH], 82, 107, 109
Diffwyn, Tregaron [CGN], 93	Dihewyd [CGN], 53, 95, 97
Dinas Mawddwy [MER], 50, 57, 59, 101	Dolauhirio [CGN], 95, 96
Dolfor [MGY], 101	Dolgellau [MER], 56, 58,78
Dolymaen [MGY], 53	Dorking [SRY], 108
Dowke Hill [GLS], 102	Dunstable [BDF], 105, 106
Dylife [MGY], 101	Dyserth [RAD], 101
East Grinstead [SSX], 112	East Ilsey [BRK], 108
Edwinsford Estate, 1	Eglwyswrw [PEM], 56, 58, 98
Elgin, 65	Elstow, 62, 65
Elstree [HRT], 63	Epping [DEN], 69
Epynt, 95	Erwood, Builth Wells [BRE], 95, 100
Esgair Maen [CMN], 94, 98	Esgerdawe [CGN], 95
Ewehurst [SRY], 108	Fairford [GLS], 107
Farringdon [BRK], 108	Ffair pedoli gwarthen [DEN], 59
Ffair Rhos [CGN], 92, 93, 94, 98, 99	Ffridd Cosyn [MER], 59
Ffaldybrenin [CMN], 54, 59, 61	Ffnnonau, 100
Foel [MGY], 60	Forden, 101, 104
Forge, Machynlleth [MGY], 101	Fron, Lampeter [CGN], 95
Garreg, Newcastle Emlyn [CMN], 98	Garth [BRE], 100
Geulanfelen, Newcastle Emlyn [CMN], 98	Gilestone [PEM], 34
Gilwern Hill, Howey [RAD], 101	Gladewestry [RAD], 101
Glangwili [CMN], 103	Glanyrannell, Llansawel [CMN], 97
Glascwm [RAD], 101	Gogerddan Estate, 1
Goring [SRY], 108	Gornoethle, Caeo [CMN], 96
Gower Peninsula, 97	Guildford [SRY], 108
Guilsfield [MGY], 36, 47	Gwenddwr [BRE], 100
Gwernarglwydd, Llandegley [RAD], 101	Hallaton [LEI], 110
Harborough, 79	Harlow, 69
Haverfordwest [PEM], 56, 58, 77, 78, 80	Helmdon [NTH], 106
Henfeddau [PEM], 98	Hereford [HEF], 48, 99, 101, 104, 107
Hillingdon [MDX], 108	Hinkley [LEI], 105
Hiraeth [CMN], 98	Hitchin [HRT], 66
Holywell [FLN], 36	Horsham [SSX], 108, 112
Howey [RAD], 101	Hunsbury Hill [NTH], 107
Huntley [GLS], 105	Huntingdon [HEF], 101
Ivinghoe [BKM], 106	Kenilworth [WAR], 105
Kerry Ridgeway, 92	Kings Park [BRK], 95
Kington [HEF], 100, 101, 107	Lampeter [CGN], 52, 56, 58, 78, 92, 95, 97, 98, 100
Langley, 68	Launton [OXF], 107
Leatherhead [SUR], 56, 57	Lechlade [GLS], 105, 107
Leebotwood, 99	Leicester, 79
Leighton Buzzard [BED], 66, 105, 107	Leominster [HEF], 99, 107
Liddington [WIL], 107	Linley Green, Bromyard [WOR], 107
Llampumsaint [MON], 98	Llanarthney, 56, 58
Llanbadarn Fawr [CGN], 56, 58, 59, 64, 78, 81	Llanboidy [CMN], 97, 98
Llancrwys, 61, 89	Llanddewibrefi [CGN], 48,90, 92, 93, 94, 99
Llanddeusant [BRE], 97	Llanddulas [BRE], 96, 100
Llandeilo [CMN], 97	Llandovery [CMN], 78, 94, 95, 97, 100
Llandrindod Wells [RAD], 78, 101	Llandysul [CMN], 77, 78, 96, 97, 98
Llanelli [CMN], 77	Llanerch-yrfa [BRE], 93
Llanerfyl [MGY], 101	Llanfair ar y Bryn [CMN], 103
Llanfair Caereinion [MGY], 53	Llanfair Clydogau [CGN], 92
Llanfihangel ar ath [CMN], 96	Llangeitho [CGN], 99, 104
Llangollen [DEN], 77	Llangranog [CGN], 92
Llangurig [MGY], 94, 101	Llangwyryfon [CGN], 94
Llanidloes [MGY], 43, 56, 58,60, 78	Llanion, Tregaron [CGN], 99
Llanilar [CGN], 98	Llanllawddog [CMN], 98
Llanllugan [MGY], 101	Llannerch-yrf, 93
Llansawel [CMN], 96, 100	Llantwit [GLA], 34
Llanwinio [CMN], 98	Llanwnen [CGN], 98
Llanwyddelan [MGY], 101	Llanybydder [CMN], 103
Llanycrwys [CMN], 61, 88, 89	Lledrod [CGN], 98, 99
Llundain Fechan, Lampeter [CGN], 95	Llwyncelynbach [CMN], 59
Llwyndrain, Henfeddau [CMN], 98	Llwyn Felfryn, Llansawel [CMN], 97
Llwyngwril [MER], 37	Llyn Glas, Porthyrhyd [CMN], 96
London, 44, 49, 52, 105	Long Mynd, 102
Ludlow, 46, 99, 101,102	Lutterworth 65, 105, 109
Machynlleth [MGY], 52, 56, 78, 80, 81, 82	Maeswynog [CMN], 96, 97
Maidstone, 109	Mallwyd [MGY], 78, 101
Malvern [WOR], 107	Margam Estate [GLA], 17
Market Harborough [LEI], 65, 82, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113	Meidrim [CMN], 98
Menai Bridge, 54	Milford Haven [PEM], 78, 80, 85
Meol Prysgau [CGN], 93	Mordiford [GLS], 49, 107
Much Wenlock, 46	Mursley [BKM], 106
Mynydd Epynt, 9, 95, 100	Mynydd Llanllwni, 96
Mynydd Llanybydder, 96	Nant Thames, Lampeter [CGN], 95
Nantgerwyn [CGN], 93	Nantystalwyn [CGN], 93, 98
Narberth [PEM], 77, 80, 97	Newbridge [RAD], 67
Newcastle Emlyn [CMN], 56, 57, 58, 78, 95, 96, 98	Newchurch [RAD], 100
Newent [GLS], 43, 107	Newport [MON], 78, 80,
New Quay [CGN], 6	Newtown [MGY], 78
New Radnor, 101	Northampton, 67, 79, 80, 82, 105, 107, 109, 110, 113
Northleach [GLS], 108	Morth Maston [BKM], 107
Norton Canes [STS], 105	Oakensgates, 105
Onibury, 102	Oswestry, 78
Padbury [BKM], 106, 107	Panaugleision [CMN], 95
Painscastle [RAD], 100	Pantglas, Kerry [MGY], 102
Pantllwydiau [CGN], 94	Pantycae, Clyro [RAD], 100
Pantycendy, Meidrin [CMN], 98	Pantyfedwen [CGN], 93
Pantyporthmon, Llandysul [CGN], 103	Pattishall [NTH], 107
Pembridge [HEF], 107	Penbryn, Abergwesyn, 94
Pencader [CMN], 98	Pencrug [BRE] 100
Pendrynllwyn [CMN], 96	Penegoes [MGY], 101
Pengraigwen [CGN], 98	Penlanwen [BRE], 100
Penpontbren [CGN], 98	Penpreselly Hill, Painscastle, 100
Penrhyn Estate [CAE], 18	Pentrebach [CMN], 96
Pentrecwrt [CMN], 98	Pentre-Davies [CMN], 95
Penuwch [CGN], 99, 104	Penybont [MGY], 101, 104
Penyraglangwnt [CGN], 94	Penryherber [CMN], 98
Perrotts Brook [GLS], 107	Pershore [WOR], 107
Pevensey, 33	Pinner [MDX], 108
Plas y Faeder [MER], 76	Plowden, 102
Pontardulais [CMN], 77	Pontardulais [BRE], 100
Pontarllechae [CMN], 97	Pont Cych [CMN], 98
Pont Dolgadfan [MGY], 101	Pontrhyfendigaid [CGN], 93
Porthyrhyd [CMN], 65, 96, 97, 103	Post Carreg [CMN], 96
Priors Hardwick [WAR], 105, 106	Pumsaint [CMN], 54, 95
Pwll Du [BRE], 100	Pysgotwr, 94
Reading [BRK], 108	Ready Token [GLS], 107
Redwick [MON], 107	Rhandir-mwyn [CMN], 94
Rhayader [RAD], 56, 58, 90, 93, 101, 107	Rhiwnant, 93
Rhiw Rhystyn [RAD], 100	Rhiw y Porthmyn [CGN], 93
Rhosgoch [MGY], 101	Rhos Llandegley [RAD], 101
Rhyd [MGY], 92	Rhydaberwern [CMN], 98
Rhydcymerau [CGN], 96, 98	Rhydowen [CGN], 98
Rhyd y Biswal [MGY], 92, 101	Rhydyrefail [CGN], 98
Rhyd Y Porthmyn [MGY], 101	Rhydyspence [HRT], 101, 107
Rothwell [NTH], 110	Rugby [WAR], 79, 82
Ruthin [DEN], 43	Shear Heath [SUR] 108
Shrewsbury, 36, 59, 60, 67, 78, 80, 94, 98, 99, 105	Silverstone [NTH], 105
Soar-y-Myndd [CGN], 93, 94	Soulbury [BKM], 106
Southam [WAR], 105, 107	Spoad Hill [RAD], 43, 102
Spratton [NTH], 79, 106, 109, 110	St Athen [GLM], 34
St Clears [PEM], 97	Staunton [GLS], 105
Stewkeley [BKM], 106	Strata Florida [CGN], 93
Staylittle [MGY], 101	Stonypound Farm [RAD], 102
Stow on the Wold [GLS] 107	Stratford upon Avon [WAR], 77
Stretton upon Dunsbore [WAR], 47	Stroud [GLD] 107
Syresham [NTH], 106, 107	Tafarn Talgarth [CMN], 95, 96, 100
Tafarn ty uchaf, 94	Tafarn y Mynddd [BRE], 95, 100
Taihirion [CGN], 99	Tainewyddion [MGY], 101
Talerddig [MGY], 92, 101, 104	Talgarth [BRE], 104
Talsarn [CGN], 52, 56, 58, 95	Talybraich [CAE], 5
Talywern [MGY], 101	Tamworth, 79, 82
Teifi Pools [CGN], 78,85	Tenterden, 63
Thame [BKM], 105	Thornborough [BKM], 106
Tilsworth [BDF], 106	Towcester [NTH], 106
Trawsfynd[RAD], 61	Trecastle [BRE], 97
Tredegar [MON], 35	Trefeglwys [MGY], 101
Tregaron [CGN], 43, 56, 58, 67, 78, 88, 92, 93, 95, 98, 99, 103	Treherbert [CGN], 95
Trewern [HEF], 101	Tring [BKM], 107
Troed-rhiw-beynon [CMN], 94	Troed-rhiw-dalar [BRE], 46
Turvey, 80	Twitchen, 102
Tygwyn Fields [CGN], 93	Tyn y Graig [CGN], 99
Tyllwyd [CGN], 94	Tyncelyn [CGN], 99
Tyncoed [CGN], 103	Tynewydd [BRE],100
Ty Rosser [BRE], 100	Tywi, 100
Upper Boddington [NTH], 105	Upton on Severn [WOR], 107
Usk [MON], 47	Uxbridge [MDX], 107, 108
Vaynol Estate [CAE], 18	Vyrnwy, 4, 35
Walton [RAD], 62, 100	Wantage [BRK], 108
Warwick, 100	Welford [NTH], 65, 109
Welland, Malvern [WOR], 107	Welshpool [MGY], 9, 56, 58,61, 78, 101
Wendover [BKM], 105, 108	Wesbury, 101
Weston Turville [BKM], 106	West Wycombe [BKM], 108
Whitchurch, 47	Whitchurch [BKM], 107
Whitland [CMN], 78, 86, 92	Willersley [HEF], 101, 103, 107
Winchcombe [GLS], 108	Winchester [HAM], 43
Windsor [BRK], 34, 43	Winslow [BKM], 108
Witney [OXF], 108	Woodstock [OXF], 108
Woolstaston, 102	Worcester,67, 77, 101, 108
Wye, 43, 95, 99, 100	Ynysmaengwyn [MER], 36
Ysbytty Ystwyth [CGN], 99, 109	Ystradgynlais [BRE], 97
Ystrad Meurig [CGN], 94, 99

Shoeing Centres

Abergwesyn,60,94	Caero,96
Carmenau Fawr,98	Cregrina,101
Llanboidy,98	Llandysul,103
Llansawel,97	Lledrod,98
Mountain Cottage,95	Pedolfa,94
Porthyrhyd,103	Rhandir mwyn,103
Rhydcymerau,96,97	Tymporth,104
Tynllan,104

Tollgates

Adderbury [Toll Gate at], 107	Alltwalis [Toll Gate at], 103
Aylesford [Toll Gate at], 68	Blaenycwm [Toll Gate at], 94
Bridge [Toll Gate at], 66	Brockhall [Toll Gate at], 66
Buckingham [Toll Gate at], 107	Bromyard [Toll Gate at], 65
Caersws [Toll Gate at], 101, 104	Cambridge Gate, 69
Cranbrook [Toll Gate at], 66	Croughton [Toll Gate at], 66, 107
Croydon [Toll Gate at], 68	Cwmann [Toll Gate at], 66, 95
Doddington [Toll Gate at], 66	Dolauhirion [Toll Gate at], 95, 96
Dunton Green [Toll Gate at], 68	Hadmore [Toll Gate at], 66
Half the Road [Toll Gate at], 65	Hereford [Toll Gate at], 66
Forest Inn [Toll Gate at], 101	Glangwili [Toll Gate at], 103
Kington [Toll Gate at], 65	Knapp [Toll Gate at], 101
Lampeter [Toll Gate at], 66	Ledbury [Toll Gate at], 66
Llanfair ar y bryn [Toll Gate at], 66	Llanllern [Toll Gate at], 65
Maesyfed [Toll Gate at], 65	Maidstone [Toll Gate at], 68
Mereworth [Toll Gate at], 68	Morton [Toll Gate at], 66
Narberth [Toll Gate at], 97	Newbridge Tavern, 61, 65
New Radnor [Toll Gate at], 101	Pentre-Davies [Toll Gate at], 95
Penybony [Toll Gate at], 101, 104	Pinner [Toll Gate at], 108
Rhydespence [Toll Gate at], 66	Sandway [Toll Gate at], 68
Sawston [Toll Gate at], 68	St Ives [Toll Gate at], 69
Staplehurst [Toll Gate at], 66	Tarrington [Toll Gate at], 66
Tewesbury [Toll Gate at], 66	Walton [Toll Gate at], 100
Westinton [Toll Gate at], 65	Wilbercastle [Toll Gate at], 65
Willersley [Toll Gate at], 66	Yalding [Toll Gate at], 68